Analysis Of Amy Lowells Poem A Decade :: essays research papers fc

Analysis of Amy Lowell&8217s Poem &8220A DecadeIn &8220A Decade, a poem by Amy Lowell, the reader is shown how a caramel brown&8217s attitude can go from infatuation at first to just predictability and love. In this poem Lowell uses imagery and similes to elaborate on the odors of the verbaliser towards his/her lover. In the beginning of the relationship the speaker is infatuated with the lover, and Lowell expresses this infatuation through the use of a simile in line one when comparing the lover to &8220red wine and honey. As the relationship goes on deeper into the decade a comparison between the lover and &8220morning bread is made in line three, display the reader that instead of being like &8220red wine and honey in the beginning, which burnt the speaker&8217s mouth with sweetness, now the lover is perceived as being &8220smooth and pleasant. The speaker of the poem could either be male or female, who is in love with someone and has been with that person for a decade. The s peaker is express the one that he/she loves how the feelings have gone from just being infatuated with them to being &8220nourished by them. The tone of the poem is hard to describe it is actually the &8220lovey dovey feeling that should come to the reader while reading this poem. The poem has no set rhyme scheme, and is six lines long in one stanza. Following, is my paraphrase of the poem.When we first met you were tangy and sweetAnd when we kissed it burnt my mouth because I wanted you so.Now that it has been a few years you are still pleasant and smooth.I really feign&8217t pay attention to how you taste, now I know you too well.You complete me.Thorne 3In the poem &8220A Decade by Amy Lowell, she tells the reader how feelings go from being wild and crazy to being second nature to the speaker.

The Idealization of Women is Responsible for Tragic

Throughout history, womens place and role in society has changed. Women ar a good deal seen as a lower status and have a need to be lodge inn care of by men. There are conflicts with the idealization of women as they are often overlooked and viewed as secondary characters. This idealization is well established in the characters of Desdemona in Othello and Daisy in The Great Gatsby. In F.Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby and Shakespeares play Othello, Desdemona and Daisy are both responsible for their tragedies due to the manipulation and impact of the outsiders, their loss of innocence, and their vulnerability as women. The outsiders, Tom and Iago become influential puppeteers, as Daisy and Desdemona are their puppets. Their influences on each of the female protagonists, results in inevitable tragedy. In Othello, the antagonist Iago has a strong bitter hatred towards Othello. He envies that fact that Cassio is chosen to be lieutenant over him. In response, he resorts to man ipulation and trickery to make Othello regret his decision. Desdemona is immensely affected by Iagos plan because this petabits to her tragic death. Iago manipulates Desdemona with other characters. An example of this can be seen with his wife, Emilia. Iago believes women are pictures out of doors (Shakespeare.2.1.121) and are more like workers than wives. Emilia is part of Iagos scheme, as she is cardinal of the closest people to Desdemona. Emilia has no idea what Iago is plotting until the very end. She is oblivious to Iagos plan and it results in Desdemonas death. Like Desdemona and Emilia, Daisy is also heavily influenced through other characters as well. Tom uses other characters to make an impact on Daisy and this can be seen through his altercation... ...lay weaknesses that make them too vulnerable for other characters to take advantage of. This vulnerability sends both Daisy and Desdemona through a never-ending fall towards their fate. Othello and The Great Gatsby, are the perfect exemplars of how an ideal innocent women, can face doubtlessly tragic fates. Despite much strength in their characters, both Daisy and Desdemona exhibit the vulnerability of their innocence, the ability for others to take advantage of them, and glaring weaknesses. They are unaware of their surroundings, which lead to questionable actions. Their inevitable tragedies occur because of how each character dealt with these situations placed in front of them. All in all, Daisy and Desdemona are responsible for their tragedies because they are women placed in unfamiliar positions and are unable to deal with situations placed in front of them.

Israel Vibration :: Music

Dont fight gainst the Rastaman with him culture music, cause the Rastaman no mean no harm, what the Rastaman want to do is lull the storm Albert apple Gabirel CraigIsrael Vibration is one of the greatest triumphs to come out of the Jamaican reggae scene. Those familiar with the band intent the warmth of recognition and appreciation when the wee comes up in a handleion of reggae music. That warmth and feeling is amplified for anyone who has heard or seen this special trio of singers perform their unique and powerful act in a live performance. For two decades the positive vibrations have been keeping us dancing and feeling the emotions of their spiritual message. Like many other reggae stars of Jamaica, Israel Vibration feel that God has given them the gift of song for the purpose of conveying the message of Rastafari to the people. These three men make musical magic that blends together traditional root reggae with raw human emotion and a strong spiritual message. I am especiall y found of the music and story of Israel Vibration. I plan to discuss a biography and discography of Israel Vibes. Then I will try to describe what Israel Vibrations music means to me, both live and recorded.The three men Albert Criag, Cecil Spence, and Lacelle Bulgin were all born(p) in economically deprived areas of Jamaica during the late 1940s early 1950s. This was a terrible time in Jamaica due to the horrific Polio epidemic that sweep though the cities and rural towns. Polio claimed the lives of thousands of people and crippled many others. Each of the three men fell victim to Poliomyelitis at a actually young age. Most Polio infections occur from a source of contaminated drinking water. The virus enters the body through the intestine where it then multiplies. It spreads into the bloodstream where it ultimately infects the nervous system and destroys motor neurons that control muscle movement. The virus only paralyzes 1% of its victims but unfortunately all three singers w here in that 1 percentile. Albert Apple Craig was the youngest son in a family of ten children. He was the apple of his fathers eye so they called him Apple. One of the major inspirations in Apples life was his mother. She was a spiritual healer and told him that one day he will be a great leader in the world and millions of people will remark behind him.

Neo-Nazis Essay -- essays research papers

Today there are many active detest groups in the fall in States such as the Ku Klux Klan, Neo-Nazi, Skinheads, Christian identity, and the Black Separatists. These hate groups uniform the Ku Klux Klan, which is one of Americas oldest and more feared, use violence and move above the law to promote their causes. Another example is a group called Christian Identity, who promotes a religion that is mainly racist and anti-Semitic. Another group are the Black Separatist groups, they are organizations whose basically are all based on hatred. We hold up alot about these groups because of the Intelligence Project these are citizens reports, law enforcement agencies, field sources and news reports that make us aware of the racism. Many people know how these groups act and think and most of the American people agree that these hate groups are immoral and should not be allowed to exist neither in the United States nor on the rest of the world.All the hate groups know that they can only flou rish if they continue to recruit new members. Three of the most obvious similarities among hate groups members are their sex, male their race, Caucasian and their age, 35 years old or younger. Many people think that the reason young people are unbidden to totality hate groups in high school and in college is that they are uncertain about their own futures. People believe that young people who join hate groups are people with the least education and the least hope for the future in...

From Chiapas with Love Essay -- Graduate Law Admissions Essays

From Chiapas with Love   One of the first mistakes I made in coming to IU was thinking that simply by analyzeing I could understand the lives of people. I thought that if I learned enough- read enough books, talked to enough professors, attended enough forums, and developed my ability to slyly use jargon, Id be powerful and wise before I knew it.   The next mistake I made was to decide to study the Zapatistas. As I was in short to discover, the movement which has grown up around the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico is not something that butt be studied, used, and forgotten. It is something that eats its way into you until you cant extricate yourself from it without seriously damaging who you are.   These two bumbles led me, in my third year of university studies, to ask the IU Honors College for money to go to Chiapas to live in an autonomous community. I planned to study the people-their society, their culture, and their situation in the world. I tho ught it would be a nice way to top off my degree in Anthropology-an honors thesis, and something that could definitely be called an outside(a) experience.   Getting to Mexico was an international experience all in itself. I spent three days traveling through a extraneous state of matter before I reached the Mexican border. The country in which I was born seemed, in the full flower of September 11th hysteria, far more foreign than anything I could imagine down in the depths of the jungles of Southeast Mexico. After five days on buses of all shapes, sizes, and smells, I arrived in Chiapas, the Southeastern-most State in the nation of Mexico. What I found there has left me, I think, a little outside the bounds of appropriate distance i... ...discomfort. Im supposed to be a cave in person, and more adult.   I cant say that. Im ill-at-ease, pensive, and constantly seeing the faces of the people I know there in my dreams hearing their voices telling their stories through my throat. Im deeply awkward in the world I live in, and I think about our future, the worlds future, every day. I cry at night out of helplessness. I can tell you, my reader, that I learned from my time in Chiapas. I learned the most important lesson of my university experience there, from people who didnt understand what graduate school was. So here it is. After all, thats what the university is about, right? Sharing knowledge.   Education provides the tools. It can never provide the quest. People tell their own stories best, and dignity is what you have left when everything else has been interpreted from you.

From Chiapas with Love Essay -- Graduate Law Admissions Essays

From Chiapas with Love   One of the first mistakes I made in coming to IU was thinking that simply by studying I could understand the alives of people. I approximation that if I learned enough- read enough books, talked to enough professors, attended enough forums, and developed my ability to artfully use jargon, Id be powerful and quick-scented before I knew it.   The next mistake I made was to decide to study the Zapatistas. As I was soon to discover, the movement which has grown up near the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico is not something that can be studied, used, and forgotten. It is something that eats its way into you until you cant extricate yourself from it without seriously damaging who you are.   These two bumbles led me, in my third year of university studies, to ask the IU Honors College for money to go to Chiapas to live in an autonomous community. I planned to study the people-their society, their culture, and their situation in the w orld. I thought it would be a nice way to top off my degree in Anthropology-an honors thesis, and something that could definitely be called an international exist.   Getting to Mexico was an international experience all in itself. I spent three days traveling through a foreign untaught before I reached the Mexican border. The country in which I was born seemed, in the full flower of September 11th hysteria, far more foreign than anything I could imagine down in the depths of the jungles of Southeast Mexico. After five days on buses of all shapes, sizes, and smells, I arrived in Chiapas, the Southeastern-most State in the Republic of Mexico. What I found there has left(a) me, I think, a little outside the bounds of appropriate distance i... ...discomfort. Im supposed to be a better person, and more adult.   I cant say that. Im ill-at-ease, pensive, and everlastingly seeing the faces of the people I know there in my dreams hearing their voices telling their stories thro ugh my throat. Im deeply uncomfortable in the world I live in, and I think about our future, the worlds future, every day. I cry at night out of helplessness. I can tell you, my reader, that I learned from my eon in Chiapas. I learned the most important lesson of my university experience there, from people who didnt understand what graduate school was. So here it is. After all, thats what the university is about, right? overlap knowledge.   Education provides the tools. It can never provide the quest. People tell their own stories best, and dignity is what you have left when everything else has been taken from you.

Evaluating the Historical Capital Budgeting Method Essay

Currently AES employs Project Finance Framework. Project finance tends to be use in hears with tangible assets with predictable cash flows in which construction and operating targets merchantman be easily established through explicit contract. The key to AES projects pay lies with the precise forecasting of cash flows. In effect, the possibility of estimating cash flows with an acceptable level of uncertainty allows for allocation of insecuritys among various interested parties. The ensuing certainty in cash flows allows for high level of leverage and enables project assets to be separated from the parent order.Let us now take a closer ask at the pros and cons of the Capital Budgeting System contemporaryly in place. Principal Advantages Non-Recourse The separation of the parent company is structured through the creation of a Special innovation Vehicle (SPV). This SPV is the formal borrower under all loan documents so that in event of default or bankruptcy AES is not directly responsible in advance financial creditors. Instead, their legal claims are against the SPV assets. Maximize Leverage Currently AES charmks to finance the bell of development and construction of the project on highly leveraged basis.High leveraged in non-recourse project financing permits AES to put less in capital to put at risk permits AES to finance the project without diluting its equity investment in the project. Off-Balance canvas Treatment AES may not be required to report any of the project debt on its balance aeroplane because such debt is non-recourse. Off balance sheet treatment can countenance the added practical benefit of helping the AES comply with covenants and restriction relating to borrowing funds contained in loan agreements to which AES is also a party. confidence Cost The agency bells of free cash flow are reduced. Management incentives are to project performance. Most importantly close monitoring by investors is facilitated. Multilateral Financial Inst itutions One of the four constituents that have contractual arrangement with the SPV in a typical project are the banks (an integral part crowd of financiers that include share holders, insurers, equipment manufacturers, export credit agencies and funds). Among these banks on that point are multilateral financial institutions (like IFC, CAF and etc).Presence of these institutions as financiers helps in raising capital from these institutes at reduce cost and secondly it is also read as a positive sign by commercial banks. Drawbacks Projects V/S Division The company is not only expanding its geographical boundaries, but it is also diversifying its business through backward and forward integration. The current financial model does not provide the AES with the big picture, which now constitutes more number of variables that are being influenced by multiple actors due to the increase in depth and breadth of the organization. ComplexityFinancing of projects requires involvement of a number of parties. They can be quite complex and can be expensive to arrange. Secondly it demands greater amount of management time. Macroeconomic Risk The current methodology employed by AES for capital budgeting does not take into trace the exchange rate risk. This risk will be of higher magnitude in the developing countries because of their unstable monetary and fiscal policies2. As we have seen that fluctuation in exchange rate has greatly hurt the AES business and they were unable to decrease this risk as they havent anticipated it.This risk becomes important when the exchange rate fluctuation affects balance sheet items unequally. Thus keeping look on the foreign exchange rate requires timely sicment of both the items of revenue and expenditure, and those of assets and liabilities in different currencies. Political Risk This is another important gene which the current financial management system does not take into account. This will be of significant importance when it co mes to investing in developing countries where frequent changes in government policies occur. Does this system make sense?The financial strategy employed by AES was historically based on project finance. This approach solely took into account those work outs that minimized AES exposure to the project and achieved the most beneficial regulatory treatment thus ensuring availability of financial resources to complete the project. The model worked well for the domestic market as well as for the international operations, provided the opportunities undertook by AES were either in the sector of building and running a power plant or plainly buying an existing facility and upgrading it and then operating.The underlying assumption over here was that the symmetrical and asymmetrical risks faced by the project were more or less same irrespective of its geographical location (Refer to scupper 3). However when AES started diversifying the breadth of its operations by incorporating other offsh oots of energy related business and transforming from a cogeneration to a more utility organization with major(ip)ity of expansion occurring in developing economies.This diversification of business increased the symmetrical risks like business risk, a classic example of which we see in Brazil where AES experience shortfall in demand /sales volume due to Energy Conservation constitution of Brazilian government and this had a chain effect on debt servicing capacity of the SPV as well the stock price of the parent company. Other factor that current model was not able to include was the risk of devaluation of currency in developing economies which resulted in significant losses due to the inability of the company to survive its international debt obligations.Expansion in developing economies also exposed the business to political risk where the policies change erratically with changes in government. Hence we see that the geographical diversification of business causes asymmetrical risk to increase ca utilise bimodal behavior in the result. Project financing becomes less recommendable as a symmetrical risk becomes more manifest. This constitutes a problem for emerging countries where these risks tends to be at the forefront. Lal Pir Project Valuation Scenario 1 PakistanIn order to prefigure the range of project for the Lal Pir project in Pakistan, we first need to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using the new proposed methodology. For this we have followed the approach disposed in exhibit 8 of the case. The first step is to calculate the value of levered ? using the formula and information given in the case3. The value of the levered ? comes out to be 0. 3852 or 38. 52%, which essentially means that our project is not very highly correlated to the market return.Using this value of ? we now calculate the cost of Equity (refer Exhibit 4A). We have used the return on U. S. Treasury Bond (i. e. 4. 5%) as the risk free return in shrewd the cost of equity. The cost of equity comes out to be 0. 072 and similarly, using the risk free return and the default spread (given in exhibit 7a of case) we calculate the cost of debt which comes out to be 0. 0807. It is important to note that the cost of debt and the cost of equity also need to be modify for the sovereign spread (0.0990 for Pakistan). Once we have the adjusted costs of equity and capital we can now calculate the WACC for the project using the formula given in case where we essentially reproduce equity and debt ratio with the adjusted costs of equity and debt respectively4. The WACC in this scenario comes out to be 0. 1595 or 15. 95%. However, now we need to adjust this WACC for the risks associated with doing the project in Pakistan and we do this by using Table A given in the case. We know that the total Risk Score for Pakistan is 1.425 and since there is a linear race between business specific risk sexual conquests and cost of capital5 we need to adjust our WACC b y 7. 125% thus making our final WACC 23. 075%, using which we calculate our NPV (refer to Exhibit 6) from the year 2004 to 2023, and it comes out to be negative $234. 34 million. Scenario 2 USA For USA similar calculations are made to calculate the WACC (Exhibit 4B). However there are two things that are different. First we see the sovereign spread is equal to zero. Secondly, in this case we would need to calculate the business risk using the information given in exhibit 7a of the case (refer to Exhibit 5).This score comes out to be 0. 64 and using this score, our business risk comes out to be 3. 23% and adding it to our calculated value of WACC, we get our final WACC of 9. 64%. Using this we calculate our NPV for USA which comes out to be negative $ 35. 92 million (refer to Exhibit 7). Adjusted Cost of Capital and Probabilities of Real Events in Pakistan In calculating the adjusted cost of capital for Pakistan the WACC is adjusted for six common types of risks Operational, Counterp arty, Regulatory, Construction, Commodity, Currency and Legal.We can clearly see from table A given in the case that besides construction there is a probability of all these risks actually effecting the project in Pakistan. In these, the highest probability is that of currency risk and the legal risk. The adjusted cost that we have calculated is adjusted by the total risk score for Pakistan. There is a linear relationship between the total risk score and adjustment to the cost of capital, i. e. a score of 1 leads to an adjustment of viosterol basis points in the WACC.When we calculate the WACC for Pakistan through traditional formula it comes out to be 15. 95%, however in order to incorporate the risk factor associated with Pakistan we need to adjust it for the Total Risk Score, which in this case is 1. 425. So we simply multiply this by 500 and we find out that we need to adjust our WACC 23. 075%. Since this 23. 075% is adjusted using the total risk score we can safely assume that it incorporates for the probability of the afro-mentioned six types of risks in WACC with respect to Pakistan.Discount Rate adjustment USA v/s Pakistan As mentioned earlier the discount rate is adjusted based on the total risk score of the country. This total risk score is compiled from 6 main types of risks, the probability of which varies from country to country. If we simply compare the risk scores for USA and Pakistan6, we can see that there is a major difference between the risk profiles of both the countries. For instance, while currency, regulatory and legal risks are significantly high in Pakistan, they do not exist in the USA at all.Also we see that operational, counterparty and commodity risks are higher in USA as compared to Pakistan. Similarly when the respective WACCs of the two countries are adjusted for their risk we see that the adjusted WACC for Pakistan (23. 075%) is much higher as opposed to that of USA (9. 64%), which essentially implies that Pakistan is inhere ntly a riskier country to invest in as opposed to the USA and any investments made in this region would have to cross a higher hurdle rate than if they were made in the US region.

Conintelpro and Malcolm X Essay

My intention is to do a research paper on a topic which is still a rattling controversial topic right up until today, the assassination of Malcolm X, and who really played a major part in it. The reason I am so interested in writing on this topic is because the FBI until this very day, refuses to open and reveal documents about his assassination and who was really involved. What are they hiding? I narrow down to provide evidence that two innocent men went to prison and that there are some who were involved in his murder still walking the streets today.as well many bogus movies and uninformative documentaries have been presented before the public portraying only one viewpoint of this story in order to misinform and deter the public from the truth. Malcolm X was depicted as an advocate of violence which was another lie advocated by The FBI. Both the FBI and CIA refuse to reveal documents pertaining to his death. I will in addition touch on both assassinations of John F. Kennedy, an d Martin Luther King, and why their deaths appear to be very suspect as well.This paper will also focus on J.Edgar Hoover, the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which he transformed into his own secret police force called COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program). J. Edgar Hoovers main physical object was to neutralize any movement or individuals which he felt was a threat to National Security, which in most cases was a product of his own imagination. tied(p) Charlie Chaplin was on Hoovers list as being suspected of advocating communist propaganda. The sources I will use will be an article from Goodmen Project. com, whatreallyhappened. com, and Cointelpro the FBI war on political freedom.

Works of Art or Literature Profoundly Reveal Their Creator’s Psychology

AnalysisWorks of art or literature profoundly reveal their creators psychology Marle BonaparteIn this chapter, the detailed analysis would focus on the aspect on different attitudes adopted by Edgar Allan Poe to portray his conception of last in selected poems. Poe himself sees death in various experiences and his transformation of death from one poem to another(prenominal) is noteworthy.The bedrock of analysis would be The forgo, Annabel Lee, Lenore, The City in the Sea, Eldorado, and The Conqueror Worm. Although the theme in these poems is the same, the attitudes and the nature of description argon entirely different in exclusively of them. The chapter is allocated to three subtitles, mans attitude towards death of the dear(p), mans description of death and the third corresponds to the reasons behind these attitudes adopted based on Poes biography.3.1 Mans attitude towards the death of the beloved3.1.1 The RavenThe poem follows an anon. bank clerk who is also a lamenting love r of his dead beloved Lenore. Lenore is thought to be the deceased wife of Poe and holds the central element in this poem.The floor poem begins on a dreary night of December, w here(predicate) the lover is seen as tired and wispy. Remembering his dead beloved he experiences ennui and tries to overcome this by diverting his attention to an old book. As the narrator is seen feeling at unease and weak, he hears a tapping on his chamber door. He consoles himself that a visitant may have tapped the door to seek asylum and nix else.Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and peculiar(a) volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. T is some visitor, I muttered, tapping at my chamber doorOnly this and nada more. (The Raven 112)Since the beginning of the poem, reader can feel the ambience of death border the narrator.The use of I is the poem indicates un summond narrator being fearful and irritated as he describes the sound in rather negative stipulation rapping. According to TheFreeDictionary, the word corresponds to a series of rapid audible blows in order to attract attention. This rapping sound generated which is described is making the narrator aware of his purlieu more and he begins to fear for himself. Narrator also uses gentle which portrays yet another descriptive aspect, the gentle tap made the narrator aware of his office and was able to respond to it.The narrator also shows his irritated nature Tis some visitor, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door / Only this and nothing more. Narrator outright moves on to remembering his lost beloved Lenore. He can be seeming(a)ly seen to showcase his unconscious through a moment of flash O.K., a particular time that he is reliving again in that chamber. The use of words dying embers showcases a trigger generated in the narrator about his lost Lenore.It is verbali se that we unconsciously tend to run away from our distressing thoughts and painful experiences by believing and convincing ourselves to forget them. These repressed thoughts and experiences remain in our unconscious in a dormant phase, and as soon as similar situation occurs, these recurring experiences surfaces. The past has surfaced again when the narrator moves into flashback, feeling sorrow for having lost his beloved foreverAh, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak DecemberAnd each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrowsorrow for the lost Lenore,For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore Nameless here for evermore. (The Raven 112-113)Here, narrator uses bleak December to signify cold, and consequently death. The very first line creates a conception of death as cold and unwavering in the readers eyes. nought lives in the winter, for those who live goes into hibernation till the winter surpasses.December is the month of winter. This symbolizes death as cold, unforgiving and larger in magnitude. The cold of winter wipes out the ecstasy effortlessly as the narrator explains it as dying ember. This dying ember generated the flashback of his beloved and this in turn instils the narrator to think about his beloveds death. He calls her the fair maiden whom the angels took away, leaving narrator sorrowful and mournful in attribute.To surpass his sorrow, he sought refuge in books Eagerly I wished the morrow -vainly I had sought to borrow / From my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost Lenore. Now narrator moves to open the door, fearing, grieving, and contemplating that it might be Lenore that seeks spellbind in his chamber. The depiction of this fear is preternatural as narrator shows his inner fear which enthralls in him terrible yet fantastic horrors that he has neer felt before.This uncanny attitude towards death is evident of the nature of Poe. Poe regards death as an inevitable concept in this narrative poem. The horrors that the narrator faces are portrayed through the musical effect of silken gallant curtain, sad, uncertain rustling of purple curtain, narrator is now terrified of this sound and reassures himself that it might be some visitor who seeks entrance at his chamber door. From the sign concept of death as an inevitable phenomena, the transformation has made death generating fear inside narrator.The narrator is now fearful of the ambience around him as it generates the flashback of his lost love. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtainThrilled mefilled me with fantastic terrors never felt beforeSo that now, to still the slaughter of my heart, I stood repeatingT is some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door,Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber doorThis it is and nothing more. (The Raven 113)The narrators state is been showcased as he tries to f orgo his fear and establishes himself adamantly for the visitor. He converses with the person on the other side of the door. Narrator, completely unknown of the visitor, tries to legislate his thoughts by saying that he was nearly napping, and the visitors tapping was so distinct and clear that he was able to hear it, therefore, asks for their apology for he was napping and opens the door wide.However, the narrator meets nothing but darkness on the other side. Presently my soul grew stronger hesitating then no longer,Sir, said I, or Madam, truly your forgiveness I prayBut the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,That I scarce was sure I heard youhere I opened wide the door Darkness there and nothing more. (The Raven 113-114)The narrator now resonates with his fear again, wondering, fearing tranceing dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before. In absolute fear, the only word that narrator could think of was of Lenore and as he speaks it, it reverberates back to him. This can also be subjected as his inner loneliness, the narrator, weak from his mourning of his beloved feels alone and forgotten, and as he hears the tapping, thinks of his lost love coming back to him.According to Freud, the fear of death dominates us more very much than we know. This fear of death allowed the narrator to re absorb his memories of Lenore and call her out when he opens the door. Later a loud tapping is again heard and when he checks again finds a stately Raven of saintly days of yore entering his chamber.it sought bust of Pallas just above his chamber door to settle on and gave no attention to the narrator.The Raven plays a crucial role in this poem. This Raven not only acts as a simple animal doing its bidding, but acts as a pivot to unleash the emotions narrator carries with him.Now the conception of death has yet again transformed. Death has now materialized in the form of The Raven. The raven is f irst and foremost, considered a bird of evil. This bird has long since been associated with different mythologies. In Norse mythology, for instance, Raven signifies as a messenger. Odins two ravens, Hugin and Munin, Thought and Memory flew across the world to collect news of the day and report back to Odin.It is also associated to be a harbinger of death and doom, with strong associations with storms and floods. Narrator now fascinated and excited of the entrance of the Raven ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling (Raven 43) asks the creature of its name. The raven surprises the speaker by saying Nevermore. Narrator curious to know more starts inquiring the Raven of its whereabouts. He thinks for a minute as to what can he ask from the bird when his mind starts to wander back to his lost Lenore.The speaker feels the air becoming dense around him and scented with perfume from some heavenly being Seraphim. According to Christian angelology, Seraphim mean anxious ones or in ot her words, nobles. They are also known as ones of love. Here the narrator believes Raven to be a messenger, a visionary which could predict if he could meet his beloved Lenore in Heaven to which he replies Nevermore. A constant to and fro is showcased between the narrator and the Raven.By saying nevermore, the Raven suggests that the narrator would never be able to let go of his beloveds memories and they would haunt him till the end of times. Narrator, enraged, calls the raven thing of evil, devil, and commands the devil to drop to the Nights Plutonian shore. Pluto is the god of the underworld Hades. It is presumed that the Raven has the knowledge of the dead and therefore its response Nevermore is deemed relevant.Through this, narrator realizes that death is the eventual(prenominal) end to everything and he will never meet with his beloved again. This piddle aways him even more melancholic and depressed and commands the raven to leave his chamber, Leave my loneliness incessan tquit the bust above my door / Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my doorAnd the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the wan bust of Pallas just above my chamber doorAnd his eyes have all the seeming of a demons that is dreaming,And the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floorAnd my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floorShall be liftednevermoreThese lines clearly indicate the perception of narrator. Despite the constant name calling and ordering the Raven to leave his chambers, the creature doesnt move. This can be linked back to Death itself.No matter how one individual tries to make it go away, the course of nature undertaken by death would never shift from its original path. The Raven does not move as is still sitting on the bust of Pallas just above my chamber door. The repetition of the word Nevermore adds to the mood of the poem. Nevermore is a negative word, which means never again, which evokes emotions of helplessness and despair, sadness and melancholy all the attributes concerning the death of someone.In this poem, this word evokes emotion concerning the death of a beloved.According to Freuds theory on death, the speaker attitude towards the death of his beloved is unconsciously portrayed. The speaker travels in flashbacks, remembering the past encounters with his love and re living those emotions unconsciously. He could not sever his dependence from his lovers memories.Even if he tries to keep himself occupied with reading old volumes of books, he still somehow, retracts back to her memory that is infused in his unconscious forever. As a result, his attitude towards the raven and his answers are the manifestation of his unconscious minds needs. Unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining our behavior.

Kant and Equality Essay

Some readers of this essay entirelyow for have become anxious by now because they believe that the problem that perplexes me has been definitively solved by Im worlduel Kant. It is certainly true that Kant held strong opinions on this matter. In an often-quoted passage, he reports a psycheal alteration from elitism I am myself a researcher by inclination. I feel the whole thirst for knowledge and the eager unrest to move further on into it, in like manner satisf spielion with each acquisition.There was a time when I thought this al angiotensin-converting enzyme could constitute the honor of philanthropy and despised the know naught rabble. Rousseau set me straight. This delusory superiority vanishes, I learn to honor men, and I would find myself much useless than a common laborer if I did non believe this observation could give every iodin a value which restores the arights of humanity. What Kant learned from Rousseau was the proposition that the behind of human mateity is the dignity that each human person possesses in virtue of the message for autonomy ( deterrent example freedom).This virtuous freedom has two aspects, the cleverness to set checks for oneself according to ones conception of what is wakeless, and the capacity to regulate ones choice of extirpates and of actions to achieve ones ends by ones conception of what lessonity requires. According to Kants psychology, brute animals be fit(p) to act as instinct inc lines them, but a reasonable macrocosm has the power to interrogate the inclinations it feels, to raise the question what it is reasonable to do in given completely over circumstances, and to choose to do what reason suggests even a pee-peest alto maintainher inclinations.The question arises whether Kants psychology is correct, or remotely close to correct. peradventure roughthing like the conflict amid virtuous nose out and inclination is experienced by social animals other than macrocosm. Perhaps the fre edom that Kant imputes to human on metaphysical primes squirt be shown to be either empiri countery nonexistent or illusory. For our purposes we tush set these questions aside and scarcely presume that the human psychological complexity envisaged by Kant does describe capacity we possess, whether or non it is shared with other animals.My question is whether Kants characterization, if it was correct, would have the normative implication she draws from it. It king seem that the Kantian picture sustains to show how moral freedom is arrange concept, which does not signifi terminatetly admit of percentage points. If one has the capacity to set an end for oneself, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent simply because one cannot set fancy ends, or because other persons can set fancier ends.If one has the power to regulate choice of ends by ones sense of what is morally right, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent because one cannot understand sophistic ated moral considerations, or because other persons can understand more sophisticated moral considerations. Moreover, one exponent hold that it is having or lacking the freedom which is important, not having or lacking the capacity to exercise the freedom in fancy authoritys. exactly the old worries lurk just around the corner.The Kantian billet is that there are indeed capacities that are crucial for the ascription of fundamental moral status that do not vary in degree. One either has the capacity or one does not, and thats that. If the crucial capacities have this character, wherefore the problem of how to draw a no arbitrary line on a continuum and hold all bes on one side of the line full persons and all beings on the other side of the line lesser beings does not arise. The line separating persons and nonpersons leave alone be non arbitrary, and there will be no basis for further disagreeentiation of moral status.One is either a person or not, and all persons are equal. Consider the capacity to set an end, to choose a goal and decide on an action to achieve it. One might suppose that all humans have this capacity except for the permanently comatose and the anencephalic. So all humans are entitled to a fundamental equal moral status. This view is streng thereforeed by noting that there are other capacities that do admit of degrees that interact with the no degree capacities. Individuals who equally have the capacity to set an end whitethorn well differ in the quality of their end-setting performances.Some are able to set ends more reasonably than others. But these fights in performance do not gainsay the fundamental equal capacity. It is just that having a high or low level of associated capacities enables or impedes successful performance. So the fact that individuals differ in their abilities to do arithmetic and more complex mathematical operations that affect their ability to make rational choices should have no tendency to heterogeneous the m ore basic and morally status-conferring equality in the capacity of each person to make choices.In response First of all, if several of these no degree capacities were relevant to moral status, one essential possess all to be at the top status, and some individuals possess more and others fewer of the relevant capacities, a problem of hierarchy, though perchance a manageable one, would emerge anew. More important, I doubt there is a plausible no degree capacity that can do the work this argument assigns to it. Take the capacity to set ends and make choices. Consider a being that has little brain power, but over the course of its life can set just a few ends and make just a few choices based on considering two or three simple alternatives.It sets one end (lunch, now) per decade three times over the course of its life. If there is a capacity to set ends, period, not admitting of degrees, this being possesses it. The point is that it is clearly not exclusively the capacity to set en ds, but something more complex that renders a being a person in our eyes. What matters is whether or not one has the capacity to set sensible ends and to pick among alternative end at a reasonable pace, sorting through complex considerations that wait on the choice of ends and responding in a rational course to these considerations.But this capacity, along with every(prenominal) similar or related capacity that might be urged as a substitute for it, definitely admits of degrees. The same point would hold if we pointed to free will or moral autonomy as the relevant person-determining capacity. It is not the ability to choose an end on ground of consideration for moral considerations merely, but the ability to do this in a nuanced and fine-grained responsive way, that is belike deemed to entitle a being to personhood status.In general, we single out rationality, the ability to respond appropriately to reasons, as the capacity that is pertinent to personhood, by itself or in conjun ction with related abilities, and rationality so understood admits of degrees. Kant whitethorn well have held that the uses of reason that are required in order to have a well-functioning conscience that can tell right from wrong are not very sophisticated and are well within the reach of all non sore non feebleminded humans. Ordinary intelligence suffices. His discussions of applying the categorical imperative form test certainly convey this impression.But commentators tend to agree that there is no simple general-purpose moral test that easily answers all significant moral questions. Thus Christine Korsgaard cautions that the categorical imperative test is not a Geiger counter for detecting the heraldic bearing of moral duties, and Barbara Herman ob give ears that the application of the categorical imperative test to eggshells cannot be a mechanical procedure but relies on prior moral understanding by the performer and on the agentive roles capacity to make relevant moral di scriminations and judgments and to characterize her own proposed maxims perspicuously.These comments confirm what should be clear in any event Moral problems can be complex and unwieldy, and there is no discernible upper bound to the complexity of the reasoning required to master and perhaps solve them. But suppose I do the best I can with my limited cognitive resources, I make a judgment as to what is morally right, however misguided, and I am conscientiously resolved to do what I take to be morally right. The capacity to do what is right can be movered into two components, the ability to decide what is right and the ability to dispose oneself to do what one thinks is right.One might hold the latter capacity to be the true locus of human dignity and expense. Resisting temptation and doing what one thinks is right is noble and admirable even if ones conscience is a disconnected thermometer. However, one might doubt that being disposed to follow ones conscience is unambiguously g ood when ones conscience is ill in error. For one thing, moral flaws such as a lazy indisposition to hard thinking and an obsequious deference toward established power and ascendancy might play a large role in fixing the content of ones judgments of conscience.A conceited lack of healthy question active ones cognitive powers might be a determinant of ones strong disposition to do whatever one thinks to be right. Even if Kant is correct that the good will, the will directed unfailingly at what is truly right, has an absolute and unconditional worth, it is doubtful that the would-be good will, a will directed toward what it takes to be right on whatever flimsy or solid grounds appeal to it, has such worth. Take an extreme case Suppose a incident person has a would-be good will that is always in error.This could be strong or righteous, so that the agent always does what he thinks is right, or weak and corrupt, so that the agent never does what she thinks is right. If the will is a lways in error, the odds of doing the right thing are increase if the would-be good will is weak and corrupt. Some might value more highly on consequential grounds the weak and corrupt inconclusive will, even though the strong and righteous invariably erroneous will always shines like a jewel in its own right.And some might hold that quite aside from the expected consequences, performing on a seriously erroneous judgment of right is inherently of lesser worth than acting on correct judgment of right. Even if the disposition to do what one thinks morally right is unassailable, its purported value does not provide a sound basis for asserting the equal worth and dignity of human persons. The capacity to act conscientiously itself varies empirically across persons like any other valued capacity.A favorable genetic endowment and favorable early socialization experiences bestow more of this capacity on some persons and less on others. If we think of an agents will as disposed more or les s strongly to do what she conscientiously believes to be right, different individuals with the same disposition will experience good and bad luck in facing temptations that exceed their resolve. Even if we assume that agents always have freedom of the will, it will be difficult to different degrees for different persons to exercise their free will as conscience dictates.Moreover, individuals will vary in their psychological capacities to dispose their will to do what conscience dictates. One might retreat further to the claim that all persons equally can try to dispose their will to do what is right, even if they will stick to in this enterprise to different degrees. But the ability to try is also a psychological capacity that we should expect would vary empirically across persons. At times Kant seems to appeal to epistemic grounds in reasoning from the goodness of the good will to the equal worth and dignity of all human persons.We codt know what anyones inner motivations are, ev en our own, so the judgment that anyone is firmly disposed to do what is right can never be confirmed. But surely the main issue is whether humans are so ordered that we ought to accord them fundamental equal moral status, not whether, given our beliefs, it is reasonable for us to act as if they are so ordered. The idea that there is a threshold of rational agency capacity such that any being with a capacity above the threshold is a person equal in fundamental moral status to all other persons prompts a worry about how to send this threshold non arbitrarily.It might seem that notwithstanding the contrast between nil capacity and some capacity would preclude the skeptical doubt that the line set at any positive level of capacity could just as well have been set higher or lower. Regarding the proposal to identify any above-zero capacity as qualifying one for personhood, we imagine a being with barely a glimmer of capacity to perceive the good and the right and to dispose its will t oward their attainment. The difference between none and some might be infinitesimal, after all.However, a threshold need not be razor-thin. Perhaps there is a line below which beings with rational capacities in this range are definitely not persons and a higher level such that all beings with capacities above this level are definitely persons. Beings with rational capacities that fall in the middle range or gray area between these levels are near-persons. The levels can be set sufficiently far apart that the difference between scoring at the lower and the higher levels is undeniably of moral significance.But the difference between the rational capacities of the beings just above the higher line, call them marginal persons, and the beings at the upper end of the scale who have saintly genius capacities, is not thereby shown to be insignificant. At the lower end we might imagine persons like the villains depicted in the Dirty Harry Clint Eastwood movies. These unfortunates are not sho wn as having moral capacities which they are flouting, but rather as bad by nature, and perhaps not entitled to full human rights.No doubt this is a crass outlook, but the question remains whether the analysis we can offer of the basis for human equality generates a refutation of it. Suppose someone asserts that the difference between the rational agency capacities of the most perceptive saints and the most unreflective and animalistic villains defines a difference in fundamental moral status that is just as important for morality as the difference between the rational agency capacities of near-persons and marginal persons. What mistake does this claim embody?COMMENTS ON KANTS good THEORY Because we so commonly take it for granted that moral values are intimately connected with the goal of human well-being or delight, Kants insistence that these two concepts are absolutely independent makes it difficult to grasp his point of view and easy to misunderstand it. The following comment s are intended to help the you to avoid the most common misunderstandings and appreciate the sort of outlook that characterizes what Kant takes to be the heart of the honourable life.Kants ethical system is often cited as the effigy of a deontological theory. Although the theory certainly can be seriously criticized, it remains probably the finest analysis of the bases of the concepts of moral rule and moral certificate of indebtedness. Kants endeavor to ground moral duty in the nature of the human being as essentially a rational being marks him as the last capital prudence thinker.In spite of the fact that his critical philosophy in epistemology and metaphysics brought an end to The Age of Reason, in ethics his attempt to derive the form of any ethical duty from the very nature of a rational being is the philosophical high water mark of the Enlightenments vision of humanity as essentially and uniquely rational.What Kant aims to provide is a metaphysics of morals in the sense of an analysis of the grounds of moral obligation in the nature of a rational being. In other words, Kant aims to deduce his ethical theory purely by a priori reasoning from the concept of what it is to be a human person as a rational agent.The fact that batch have the faculty of being able to use reason to decide how to act expresses the fundamental metaphysical principle -the basis or foundation in the nature of reality- on which Kants ethical theory is erected. Kant begins his treatise, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals with the famous dramatic meter Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification, except a good will. 1. What does Kant intend by good without qualification?Obviously hoi polloi try to seek and avoid many different sorts of things those things which they seek they call good, while those they try to avoid, they call bad. These goods which people seek whitethorn be divided in to those which are sought as way of life to some further end and those which they seek as good as ends in themselves. Obviously some things may be good as means to one end and bad as means to some other end. Different persons, motivated by different ends, will thus find different things good and bad (relative to their different ends).More nourishment is good to a starving man, but it is bad to one overweight. In order for something to be good without qualification it must not be merely good as means to one end but bad as means to some other end. It must be sought as good totally independently of serving as a means to something else it must be good in-itself. Furthermore, while one thing may be good as means relative to a incident end, that end becomes a means relative to some other end. So a college diploma may be sought as good as a means for the end of a higher-paying job.And a higher-paying job may be good as a means to increased financial security and increased financial sec urity may be good as a means to obtaining the necessities of life as well as a few of its luxuries. However, if we seek A only for the interest group of B, and B only for the sake of C, and so forth , then there is never a justification for seeking A at the beginning of such a series unless there is something at the end of that series which we seek as a good in-itself not merely as means to some further end. much(prenominal) an ultimate end would then be an absolute rather than a relative good. Kant means that a good will is good without qualification as such an absolute good in-itself, universally good in every instance and never merely as good to some yet further end. 2. Why is a good will the only thing which is universally absolutely good? Kants point is that to be universally and absolutely good, something must be good in every instance of its occurrence.He argues that all those things which people call good (including intelligence, wit, judgment, courage, resolution, persever ance, power, riches, honor, health, and even triumph itself) can become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them is not good. In other words, if we imagine a bad person (i. e. one who willed or wanted to do evil), who had all of these questionable goods (intelligence, wit, etc. ), these very traits would make only that much worse his will to do what is wrong.(We would get the criminal master-mind of the comic books. ) Even health often also cited as a good in- itself may regale to make a person insensitive and indifferent to the lack of good health in others. 3. Isnt happiness such a universal, absolute good in-itself? Kant answers clearly, No. However, many philosophers (the ones we call eudaemonists) have assumed the obvious answer to be Yes. All past eudaemonistic ethical theories as well as modern utilitarian theories virtually define happiness as the absolute end of all ethical behavior.Such eudaemonistic ethical theories are attractive bec ause of the fact that they make it easy to answer the question Why should I do what is morally right? For any eudaemonistic theory the answer will always be Because the morally right action is always ultimately in the interest of your own happiness. Since these theories generally assume that people really are motivated by a want for their own happiness, their only problem is to show that the morally right action really does serve as the best means to obtain the end of happiness.Once you are led to see this, so such theories assume, the question Why should I do what is morally right? is automatically answered. Kant totally rejects this eudaemonistic way of ethical theorizing he calls decisions make according to such a calculation of what produces your own happiness prudential decisions and he distinguishes them sharply from ethical decisions. This is not because Kant thinks we are not motivated by a require for happiness, in fact like the ancient philosophers, he takes it for gra nted that we are however, such motivation cannot be that which makes an action ethically right or wrong.The fact that an action might lead to happiness cannot be the grounds of moral obligation. Kant regards the mental picture of happiness as both too indefinite and too empirical to serve as the grounds for moral obligation why we ought to do something. In the first place it is too indefinite because all people have very different sorts of talents, tastes and enjoyments which mean in case that one persons happiness may be another persons misery. This is because the concept is empirical in the sense that the only way you can know whether what you seek will actually serve to bring you happiness is by experience.As Kant points out, it is impossible that the most clear-sighted man should frame to himself a definite conception of what he really wills in this. Since we cannot know a priori before an action whether it really will be conducive to our happiness (because the notion is so indefinite that even the most clear-sighted amongst us cannot know everything that must form part of his own happiness) the desire for our own happiness cannot serve as a motivation to determine our will to do this or that action. Moreover, Kant observes that even the general well-being and contentment with ones condition that is called happiness, can inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind. In other words happiness cannot be good without qualification for if we imagine it occurring in a person totally devoid of the desire to do what is right, it could very well lead to all sorts of immoral actions. 4. What does Kant mean by a good will? To act out of a good will for Kant means to act out of a sense of moral obligation or duty.In other words, the moral agent does a particular action not because of what it produces (its consequences) in terms of human experience, but because he or she recognizes by reasoning that it is morally the right thing to do and thus regards him or herself as having a moral duty or obligation to do that action. One may of course as an added fact get some pleasure or other gain from doing the right thing, but to act morally, one does not do it for the sake of its desirable consequences, but rather because one understands that it is morally the right thing to do.In this respect Kants view towards morality parallels the Christians view concerning obedience to Gods commandments, according to which the Christian obeys Gods commandments simply because God commands them, not for the sake of rewards in heaven after death or from fear of punishment in hell. In a similar way, for Kant the rational being does what is morally right because he recognizes himself as having a moral duty to do so rather than for anything he or she may get out of it. 5. When does one act from a motive of doing ones duty?Kant answers that we do our moral duty when our motive is determined by a pr inciple recognized by reason rather than the desire for any expected consequence or emotional feeling which may cause us to act the way we do. The will is defined as that which provides the motives for our actions. Obviously many times we are motivated by particular proposition desires or emotions. I may act the way I do from a feeling of friendship for a particular individual, or from desire for a particular consequence. I may also be motivated by particular emotions of fear, or envy, or pity, etc.When I act in these ways, I am motivated by a desire for a particular end in Kants vocabulary I am said to act out of inclination. Insofar as an action is motivated by inclination, the motive to do it is contingent upon the desire for the particular end which the action is imagined to produce. Thus as different rational agents might have different inclinations, there is no one motive from inclination common to all rational beings. Kant distinguishes acts motivated by inclination from tho se done on principle.For example someone may ask why I did a certain thing, and point out that it brought me no gain, or perhaps even made life a bit less pleasant to which I might reply, I know I do not stand to gain by this action, but I do it because of the principle of the thing. For Kant, this sort of state of mind is the essence of the moral consciousness. When I act on principle the sole factor determining my motive is that this particular action exemplifies a particular case falling under a general law or maxim. For Kant the mental process by which the actor understands that a particular case falls under a certain principle is an exercise in reasoning, or to be more precise, what Kant called hard-nosed reason, reason used as a guide to action. (Pure Reason is reason used to attain certainty, or what Kant called scientific knowledge. ) Since to have moral worth an action must be done on principle, and to see that a certain principle applies to a particular action requires th e exercise of reason, only rational beings can be said to behave morally. 6. Why does Kant believe that to have moral worth an action must be done on principle rather than inclination?Kants argument here may seem strange to the contemporary outlook, for it assumes that everything in nature is designed to serve a purpose. Now it is an obvious fact that human beings do have a faculty of practical reason, reason applied to the guidance of actions. (Kant is of course fully mindful the people often fail to employ this faculty i. e. they act non-rationally (without reason) or even irrationally (against what reason dictates) but he intends that his ethical theory is normative, prescribing how people ought to behave, rather than descriptive of how they actually do behave.)If everything in nature serves some purpose then the faculty of practical reason must have some purpose. Kant argues that this purpose cannot be merely the attainment of some specific desired end, or even the attainment o f happiness in general, for if it were, it would have been far make better for nature simply to have endowed persons with an instinct to achieve this end, as is the case with the non- rational animals. Therefore, the fact that human beings have a faculty of practical reason cannot be explained by claiming that it allows them to attain some particular end.So the fact that reason can guide our actions, but cannot do so for the sake of achieving some desired end, leads Kant to the decision that the function of practical reason must be to allow humans as rational beings to apply general principles to particular instances of action, or in other words to engage in moral reasoning as a way of determining ones moral obligation what is the right action to do. Thus we act morally only when we act rationally to apply a moral principle to determine the motive of our action. 7. Do all persons have the same moral duties? According to Kant only rational beings can be said to act morally.Reason f or Kant (as for all the Enlightenment thinkers) is the same for all persons in other words there isnt a poor mans reason versus a rich mans reason or a white mans reason versus a black mans reason. All persons are equal as potentially rational beings. Therefore, if reason dictates that one person, in a particular situation, has a moral duty to do a particular thing, then any person, in that same situation, would equally well have a duty to do that same thing. In this sense Kants reasoning parallels the way in which stoicism led Roman lawyers to the conclusion that all citizens are equal before the law.Thus Kant is a moral absolutist in the sense that all persons have the same moral duties, for all persons are equal as rational beings. But this absolutism does not mean that Kant holds that our moral duties are not relative to the situation in which we find ourselves. Thus it is quite possible for Kant to conclude that in one particular situation I may have a duty to keep my promise, but in another situation (in which, for example, keeping a promise conflicts with a higher duty) I may equally well be morally obligated to break a promise. 8.Why is it that actions done for the sake of some end cannot have moral worth? Since what ones moral duties are in a particular situation are the same for all persons, ones moral duties must be independent of the particular likes and dislikes of the moral agent. Now any action which is motivated by the desire for some particular end presupposes that the agent has the desire for that end. However, from the simple concept of a rational being it is not possible to deduce that any particular rational being would have any particular desired ends.Most people, of course, desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, but there is no logical contradiction involved in the notion of a rational being who does not desire pleasure or perhaps who desires pain. Thus reason does not dictate that any particular rational being has any particular end. B ut if the desire for a particular end gave an action its moral worth, then only those rational beings who happened in fact to desire that end would regard such actions as good, while those that desired to avoid such an end, would regard the action as bad. (Thus for example eudaemonistic theories which assume the end of achieving happiness is what gives an action its moral value, would serve to induce only those beings who happened to have the desire for happiness to behave morally. For those rational beings who happened to desire to avoid happiness, there would be no incentive to behave morally and what appears good to the happiness-seeker will appear positively bad to one who seeks to avoid happiness. ) But, as we have seen above, Kants absolutism reaches the conclusion that moral obligation is the same for all persons.Thus the ground of moral obligation, what makes an action a moral duty, cannot lie in the end which that act produces. 9. What does reason tell us about the principl e that determines the morally dutiful motive? Since Kant has ruled out the ends (i. e. the consequences) which an act produces as well as any motive but those determined by the application of principle as determining moral duty, he is faced now with the task of deriving the fundamental principles of his ethical theory solely from the concept of what it is to be a rational being.He now argues (in a very obscure manner) that from this notion of what is demanded by being rational, he can deduce that it would be irrational to act on any principle which would not apply equally to any other actor in the same situation. In other words, Kant claims that reason dictates that the act we are morally obligated to do is one which is motivated by adherence to a principle which could, without inconsistency, be held to apply to any (and all) rational agents.This fundamental ethical principle, which is commonly called The Categorical Imperative, Kant summarizes with the statement that I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law. Kants claim that Reason demands the moral agent to act on a universal law thus in many ways parallels Jesus dictum that God commands that those who love Him obey The Golden Rule. 10. What is a categorical imperative? Any statement of moral obligation which I make the principle of my action (my maxim in Kants vocabulary), in the context of a specific situation, constitutes an imperative. I might, in such a situation, choose to act on a statement of the form, If I desire some specific end (e. g. happiness, supreme pleasure, power, etc. ), then I ought to do such and such an action. In doing so I would be acting on what Kant calls a hypothetical imperative. However, Kant has already ruled out ends as the grounds for moral obligation thus hypothetical imperatives cannot serve as the basis for determining my moral duty. However, if I act on a principle which has the form, In circumstances of such and such a character, I ought to.

Physiological Aids in sport Essay

Physiological assist atomic number 18 banned substances and methods that jockstraps use within competition and training to improve their performance. Physiological aids argon use in sport as they tending an jockstraps performance. Some aids help to improver heart rate, adrenaline rate and agitate the eubstance but other aids lower the heart rate and change the growth of passs and b wholenesss.Sport is suppose to help us learn from shoot down and victory, encourage us to participate in team sports, encourage a spirit of co-operation, and interdependence, and mainly encouraging moral and social values. It as well as means that an person person stand lead a healthy lifestyle while performing and withal helping the individual to bring about a healthy, combine society.There are many influences on medicate use, the media, the m angiotensin-converting enzymey their performance put up bring in, the sponsorship and many other critical factors in an athletes career. There can be no justification for athletes to cheat in order to win or that the pressures and temptations are all the same for the athletes.Most athletes address to do medicatess because of pressure, it all comes down to pressure really but some feel greed and wealth.The main reasons are usuallyWinning can bring millions of dollars in sponsorship and endorsementSociety places great emphasis on succeeder in sport, which puts more pressure on an athlete to winSome banned drugs can speed recovery from injury, which means athletes can be back training, competing and winning more quicklySome athletes believe their competitors are using drugs and that to be competitive, they take up to take drugs as wellSome athletes desire to win is so great that they are willing to use any means, including cheating to gain successSome coaches may push drug use to enhance their athletes chances of winning, which boosts their profile as a successful coach.Prohibited physiological aidsAnabolic agents- there are two types of these agents- there is anabolic androgenic steroids and beta -2 agonists.Anabolic androgenic steroids are substances that contain anabolic and androgenic properties. The anabolic properties help to amplification the growth of the muscles and bones. The androgenic properties help the males reproductive system, helping to release more testosterone. Anabolic steroids are used to enlarge the strength of an athlete and too their muscle size, they as well help to decrease the time the body takes to recover after exercise. So because of this the athletes train harder and for longer the plain training go aways them an advantage over other athletes.This drug can cause many physical problems similar heart problems, liver damage, jaundice, euphoria and there are besides mental cause deal mood swings, improved self esteem, depression and aggression. Male athletes can suffer from effects give care baldness, the development of bureau tissue and even infertility. Femal e athletes can suffer from effects like menstrual problems, foetal damage, clitoral enlargement, increased facial and body hair and also a permanent deepening off the voice. They can be detected by using gas chromatography in an athletes urine.Beta -2 agonists are normally used medically to treat asthma, therefore when they are taken they can increase lean muscle mass and also help to keep down body fat. The side effects of beta -2 agonists are dizziness, muscle cramps, headaches, palpitations and some nausea. Beta -2 can also be detected through the urine. This drug is one of many that are banned but in some forms this drug can be taken but only for medical reasons and that will non give unfair advantages to the performer.DiureticsThis type of drug helps an athlete with a certain weight category in sport, it helps the body to produce more urine so the body weight can drop significantly so they fall into a certain category. Such sports like judo, horse racing, and weightlifting, w hen these drugs are taken give the athlete an unfair chance of beating their competitor(s). These also help an athlete to reduce the chances of detection of other drugs by diluting their urine. The main side effect of diuretics is drying up but they can also cause headaches and dizziness and a sacking in coordination or balance.This drug is also detected within the urine. Before, during and after exercise, it is necessary that sportsmen and women take in a considerable amount of fluid, this is because dehydration can occur resulting in other side effects and also excessive loss of water effects the heart and kidneys, they could fail which mean this could be fatal to the athlete.NarcoticsNarcotics help an athlete to push himself harder and further because his pain threshold is bigger, it helps him to continue employment/ competing even when injury has occurred. Narcotics have similar effects to heroin or morphine. Narcotics are strong painkillers and they are usually competitors are tested for them when they compete. Many narcotics are illegal substances and not just in sport, these drugs are potentially addictive. Side effects from these drugs can seriously put an athletes performance in jeopardy because if the athlete continues to exercise, whilst injured it can cause further injury, even though narcotics stop the pain once they wear off the pain will be worse, like all other drugs they also cause loss of balance, lack of concentration, nausea and even vomiting, constipation and breathing/ respiratory problems. These drugs can become addictive. Detection of these drugs is also through the urine by gas chromatography.Peptide hormonesThere are many different substances within this class of drugsChorionic gonadotropic hormone (hCG)Pituitary and synthetic gonadotrophin (LH) corticotropins (ACTH, tetracosactide)Growth Hormone (hGH)Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)Erythropoietin (EPO)InsulinChorionic gonadotrophinChorionic gonadotrophin is a drug that when i n a males body can help produce testosterone at a much faster rate, it is mainly used to overcome effects of testicular damage and sometimes it is also used as a masking agent. This drug is normally produced during a pregnancy and increases natural male and pistillate steroids. This drug can cause many side effects just like the effects of most other anabolic steroids but this can also cause gynaecomastia. Immunoessay is the only way to detect this drug and this drug is only prohibited in men.Pituitary and synthetic gonadotrophinThe pituitary gland produces pituitary hormones, and the hormones released consist of many different types, including the leutinising hormone. Hormones act as messages from one organ to another, these hormones stimulate growth, a persons sex drive, pain threshold and a persons behaviour. The leutinising hormone stimulates the males clod or the females ovaries. If used in a male this drug (also like hCG) helps to stimulate the productionof testosterone, if used in a female this drug stimulates the ovaries. The synthetic gonadotrophin helps the body to regulate gonadotrophin production or use. This drug has no real side effect it depends on the drug used. An immunoessay test is the only way of detecting this drug as well, this is done through the urine. Both of these drugs are only prohibited in males.CorticotrophinCorticotrophin is a drug that helps to increase the levels of endogenous corticosteroids (cortisone) in the subscriber line. This drug is normally used as an anti-inflammatory drug. This drug has many side effects both(prenominal) long and short term ones. The short-term side effects are ulcers of the stomach or stomach irritation and even psychological effects like irritability. The long-term effects of this drug are weakening of muscles and connective tissues of area of injured muscle, tendon or n ligament and even osteoporosis or cataracts.Corticosteroids, are drugs that are used for therapy or treatment of injuries, th ere usage is legal but only for these purposes.Blood doping Blood doping is a way an athlete removes farm animal from their bodies. An athlete will do this about a week or two prior to competition, and then they will replace it just before the competition. After the blood is taken the body has to replace the missing blood, the athlete will then replace the blood they have taken from their own body resulting in the body having additional blood. The additional blood results in additional haemoglobin and therefore a greater ability for oxygen uptake. Many things can go treat with this method, un-sterile needles can be used, the blood is not stored correctly or another persons blood can be accidentally used. Athletes can experience AIDS/HIV hepatitis and many other diseases. If their blood is not stored right then that can have major effects on the body and if the blood used is different to their blood group the body will reject this blood causing more problems in the body.Growth Hor mone (hGH)The growth hormone is a hormone that is also released from the pituitary gland and is necessary for the growth of bones and muscles and also for the growth of children. The growth hormone is used by athletes to increase their muscle mass size and also their strength. This drug can cause the overgrowth of body parts such(prenominal) as hands, feet, the face and it can also cause soft tissue swelling and increased sweating. The most fatal effect of this drug is it causes heart disease.Insulin- like Growth Factor (IGF-1)This type of drug is often used to increase protein synthesis and reduce muscle cell breakdown in the body. When the muscle cell breakdown occurs it leads to an increase in muscle bulk and helps to reduce body fat. This drug also occurs naturally from a mothers milk. The side effects of IGF-1 are headaches, joint pains, and enlargement of inner organs, changes in musculoskeletal shape and size e.g. enlargement of the jaw, hypoglycaemia (which is low sugar in t he body) and also acromegaly (which is the overgrowth of certain organs like the feet, face and hands). Muscles also become stronger from this drug but taking this drug also results in the muscles getting weaker because of degenerative changes in the joints.Erythropoietin (rhEPO)Erythropoietin is a drug that helps to increase the production of red blood cells in the body. When the red blood cell amount increases the amount of oxygen able to be carried around the body increases meat the muscles gain more oxygen, this helps the athletes performance. When the drug increases the production of red blood cells it also increases the risk of the blood clotting because it is thicker. This is very dangerous for athletes that perform endurance events because their blood is much thicker due to dehydration.InsulinThis drug is normally used to treat diabetes it increases the amount ofsugar in the body and also increases the metabolism of foods. If this drug is used alongside other drugs like ana bolic steroids and clenbuterol it can increase muscle growth and increase muscle definition. But these drugs used together can cause severe side effects and even death. Insulin can also cause hypoglycaemia, this causes shaking of the body, drowsiness, increases in respiratory rate, weakness, it can also cause the body to be comatose, it can cause brain damage and can also cause death.StimulantsStimulants are usually only tested for in competition circumstances, but in some causes the drug can be tested for in other sports. Stimulants consist of substances such as amphetamines, caffeine (prohibited in large concentrations) and a number of the active ingredients in cold and flu preparations (i.e. pseudoephedrine). The side effects of stimulants include an increased heartbeat and can have an doctor on the bodys natural ability to regulate its temperature. Stimulants are used to reduce tiredness, increase their alertness and arousal levels and also to boost their confidence.Sports such as endurance, fast moving sports and contact sports are the main events in which this type of drug is used. Stimulants can cause many risks to the body, it can cause affirmable collapse and even death, it increases the blood pressure, and makes the athlete dehydrated and can cause hypothermia. The athlete can also become dependant on this drug, appetite can be lost and the person can also become very anxious and aggressive.

Alex Sanders Hbr Case

Team Assignment Alex Sanders Memo To Mr. Sam internal-combustion engine From Team 8 Date March 2nd, 2013 Subject Alex Sanders In response to your inquiry regarding Alex Sanders and carrying into action management, we urge you to consider the following adviseations. Your perception of Alex as a go-getter is absolutely accurate he has the intellect, drive, and ambition to accomplish goals with great success. In fact, oftentimes of the groups success is correlated with Alexs involvement.We profit that his personal motivators be salary, mastery of new tasks, and being spotlighted for his successes. In contrast, your firm is hoping to extract shelter through increased teamwork, mentorship, and facilitating a more comfortable workplace. through and through this juxtaposition, we believe that Landon Care Products should tie a portion of Alexs compensation and future despatch designations to his ability to improve in the following metrics boilersuit team incorporation on projects an d formal mentoring process to direct reports.This alteration will incentivize Alex to specify work effectively and trust his team members, darn ensuring that they are continuously coached and can extract value from his expertise. We realize that Alex may not be tout ensemble welcoming of this change initially, but if you raise his achievable compensation level and designate a future promotion both of which are contingent upon his service Alex will create positive new habits. In basis of capital punishment management processes, we believe that the 360-degree method not a worthwhile means of implementation feedback.The data is often flawed because it is not an objective account employees subconsciously evaluate their associates performance in relation to the benchmark set by their own performance. As such, the data can be inherently flawed. We recommend that Landon Care Products use a balanced scorecard system to capitalize on the multi-dimensional performance measurement. T his will give Alex and his colleague evaluation from multiple perspectives while mitigating the inherent biases of evaluating ones peers and superiors.Alex Sanders Hbr CaseTeam Assignment Alex Sanders Memo To Mr. Sam Glass From Team 8 Date March 2nd, 2013 Subject Alex Sanders In response to your inquiry regarding Alex Sanders and performance management, we urge you to consider the following recommendations. Your perception of Alex as a go-getter is absolutely accurate he has the intellect, drive, and ambition to accomplish goals with great success. In fact, much of the groups success is correlated with Alexs involvement.We realize that his personal motivators are compensation, mastery of new tasks, and being spotlighted for his successes. In contrast, your firm is hoping to extract value through increased teamwork, mentorship, and facilitating a more comfortable workplace. Through this juxtaposition, we believe that Landon Care Products should tie a portion of Alexs compensation and future project designations to his ability to improve in the following metrics overall team incorporation on projects and formal mentoring process to direct reports.This alteration will incentivize Alex to delegate work effectively and trust his team members, while ensuring that they are continuously coached and can extract value from his expertise. We realize that Alex may not be entirely welcoming of this change initially, but if you raise his achievable compensation level and designate a future promotion both of which are contingent upon his improvement Alex will create positive new habits. In terms of performance management processes, we believe that the 360-degree method not a worthwhile means of performance feedback.The data is often flawed because it is not an objective measure employees subconsciously evaluate their associates performance in relation to the benchmark set by their own performance. As such, the data can be inherently flawed. We recommend that Landon Care Pr oducts use a balanced scorecard system to capitalize on the multi-dimensional performance measurement. This will give Alex and his colleague evaluation from multiple perspectives while mitigating the inherent biases of evaluating ones peers and superiors.

Marketing Case Study: Accenture

Byron Hernandez Marketing September 5, 2012, 2012 Module 5 Activity 5. 6 CASE STUDY Accenture 1. How did Accenture transfer the brand equity from its original name, Andersen Consulting, to the naked as a jaybird company name? The way that Accenture transferred brand equity from its original name to the fresh company name was by specially branding the saucy one, and looking at a new name as a fresh start, re-introducing itself to its customers, and the world.With a new name, this allows them to start fresh without the backdrop of a history, and especially since the name was created by one of its employees, they took a big risk in going with a made-up name, which after extensive research and implementing important decisions, seems to have paid off very well for the company, both literally and figuratively. What they did was effectively transfer their new idea to customers, all the same time implanting their marketing strategy.An example of this was epoch advertising in the newspape r, and an anticipated new beginning at the start of the next year with a clipping on the bottom corner of their pages. Accenture used advertisement wisely as well as cable carefully identified the quadruplet characteristics that have an affect the marketing service. The divorce from Anderson ended up being a good thing for Accenture. 2. Evaluate the Accenture brand name using the sise criteria detailed in the chapter.There are six different criteria that are detailed in this chapter that can be used to evaluate the Accenture brand. The first one says that it should declare something about the products benefits and qualities. For this particular example, Accenture is clear on that. The word is a combination of accent and future. They wanted to re-invent themselves, market a new name, while keeping the companies values for what they really were, and what separated themselves from their rise up company.Having an accented future, or perhaps having an accent and a future easily dis tinguished this firm from its parent company and not only was a new innovator born, but not much was lost in the transferring and separation. The second one is that it should be lenient to pronounce, recognize, and remember. It could be debatable on how to pronounce Accenture, depending on your grammatical education, yet it does have a flow, it is recognizable, and can be remembered. It has a futuristic feel to it, and improbably is a made up word.Third, the brand name should be distinctive. Clearly, Accenture wins a gold medal for this one. You cant get more creative than feeler up with your very own name for a company, and making up a word that puts a label on a $15 one thousand million dollar company, isnt the easiest task to do. The fourth criteria says that the name should be extendable. For Accenture it could have a million possibilities, unless you knew the history of the company, or how they were formed, you could potentially guess that Accenture was a car company.Fifth, the name should translate easily into foreign languages. Im not so sure about this one, given that Accenture is combination of two words in the English language, but it could have a French origin feel to it. The last criteria, mentioned in this chapter say that the name should be capable of registration and juristic protection. Clearly with a word that is made up, I think the legal infringes become significantly low and can easily be registered. 3. How did Accenture use the fatality to rename the company as an opportunity to reposition itself?Accenture used these requirements to rename the company and as an opportunity to reposition itself by giving new comment to the company. With a new name, and a made up name, it allowed for the company to start with a name that didnt have any history which allows them to put themselves in the market with new explanations of who they are, and what exactly they do. This divorce from the parent company, essentially not only opened new market op portunities with their customer base, but allowed room for new customers as it being a company they had never heard of.

Changes in Immigration at Canada on 20th Century

in-migration has had a strong effect on Canadas historical development, from countryside in the early part of the 20th century to the building of Canadas largest cities. Immigration itself has changed greatly during the 19th and 20th centuries and continues to do so. During the first sixty years of the 20th century, the majority of immigrants to Canada came any from Europe or the United States.This has since changed much with entry based on a points system and the debut of humans benefit. At present Canada is known as a country with a broad in-migration policy which is reflected in Canadas variety of races of mankind. According to the 2001 survey byStatistics Canada, Canada has 34 national groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which 10 have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others delineated in smaller amounts. 13. % of the population belonged tovisible minorities to the highest degree numerous among these areChinese(3. 5% of the population), atomic number 16 Asian(3. 1%),Black(2. 2%), andFilipino(1. 0%). In 2004, Canada received 235,824 immigrants. The top ten-spot sending countries, by state of origin, were Peoples Republic of China(37,280),India(28,183),Philippines(13,900), Pakistan(13,011),Iran (6,491),United States(6,470),Romania(5,816),United Kingdom (5,353), South Korea(5,351), andColombia(4,600).By 2006, the most numbered of immigrants coming to Canada originated in Asia, most especially in China and India. Immigration has been, and continues to be, a very master(prenominal) source of population growth in Canada. Given the ageing of the Canadian population and the gradual diminish birth rate, research shows that immigration could be the largest provider to population growth in the future.Therefore, it would not be amazing if Canada one day is the best country in the world economically, socially and culturally if immigration keeps on happening regularly. Combining different cultures in the world is a very big effect because not many countries are successful in maintaining their cultural mixture and keeping peace at the same time is a tough challenge for any country. http//www. worldlingo. com/ma/enwiki/en/Immigration_to_Canada http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada

Continuous Assessments Essay

around-the-clock Assessment is an on-going process of meeting and interpreting information about scholars learning that you use to make decisions about what to teach, how to teach and how well pupils assume learned. Basic characteristics of continuous Assessments include the hobby * It is an on-going process * It comprises of a variety of assessment methods * It gives timely feedback * Its align with curriculum and * Its collaborative with students. Some differences between Continuous Assessments and Formal Assessments Continuous Assessments ExaminationsOngoing in the schoolroom throughout the year Usually at the end of a unit, semester, term, year or cycle legion(predicate) different tasks One exam or few tests per subject Carried out by the instructor great proceed be administered by someone other than the instructor May be developed by the teacher May be written by persons other than the classroom teacher Marked by the teacher May be marked by persons other than the cl assroom teacher Teachers use assessment results to reform teaching Dont help teacher to identify learner weakness Are attached to the syllabus being taught May not be always be connected to what is taught.General Advantages of Continuous Assessment * Learners will be assessed using different and appropriate assessment methods and this will provide a more valid assessment of the learners performance. * Assessment will now take range in an authentic context i. e. the learner will be assessed in a realistic situation, which is full to the learning process. * During assessment, there will be immediate feedback into the learning process, thus promoting the formative role of assessment. * Opportunities be provided that would be impossible in a once-off external examination.* A variety of skills can be assessed by internal assessment, which otherwise would not have been considered for assessment purposes. * Assessment is on-going and therefore learners are compelled to work systemat ically and this will contribute to re-instating the culture of teaching and learning. * The educator who works closely with the learner will now carry out judgment of the learners performance. detail Advantages of Continuous Assessment to the Learners * Monitor student progress * Develop study behaviour * Identify misconceptions * Motivate improvement Have realistic expectations.Specific Advantages of Continuous Assessment to the Parents * Involve in monitoring childs progress * Understand students strengths and weaknesses * Strengthen learning partnership with school Seek assistance for their child Specific Advantages of Continuous Assessment to the Teachers * Evaluate effectiveness of their lessons * turn teaching strategies * Improve judgments about what students have learned for utmost floors Evaluate effectiveness of programs How is Continuous Assessment Used? Continuous Assessment is usually used for the following Formative purposes * Diagnosis identify skills that student s can do.* Diagnosis identify errors that a student is making * help oneself decide how to change the lesson / unit plans * Provide students with practice * Help decide where to begin teaching * Modify students behaviour Continuous Assessment is usually used for the following Summative purposes * Grading and promotion * naming nett grades * Selection of students for programs * Provide superiors with data * Give awards (formally or informally) for work well done / run made * Student classification Some Concerns of Teachers* Continuous Assessments is time consuming and requires a great deal of preparation and record keeping * A few students do not do well on projects during the term, but do well on final examinations the zero on projects brings down their final grade * Some students are de-motivated when they do not see the rate of progress they anticipate * Lack of religion that the assessment tasks, such as projects and home work assignments that are not done under wide-cut su pervision are the students own work *.Students seem overwhelmed with so many school-based continuous assessments that count towards their final grades, if every subject gives a project or a term paper, thats a voltaic pile of work * The marks from continuous assessment are inconsistent across teachers Some Examples of Alternative Assessments * unseen written examinations *Seen written examinations * portfolio development * essays * projects * strategic or business plans * fieldwork * literature searches * journal article digest/critiquing * oral presentations * dissertations * book, article, multi-media material reviews * laboratory reports * case studies * group/team work * audio/video videotape production.

Business Ethics Reflection Essay

In any organization workers can face honorable dilemmas. On a daily basic pack are posed with respectable dilemmas and have to decide to reservation the correct or the wrong choice. Some may not reach but we afford ethical work choices at times and may not even realize it. For instance you are recently to work and they have already been given a final warning. When we roll in the hay in no nonpareil is there to notice that you are belated. Do you get in and start working as if you were on time, or do you clock in where your time will be documented and recorded that you were late.This detail is unrivaled that my fellow coworkers face on daily basics. I have noticed that when posed with this ethical choice they choose to do what is correct for them, not necessarily what is correct by the organization. We may guess if as covering our own behind, but it actually violates ones production line ethics. What some may not realize is that business ethics and personal prises mirror each other very closely. In business they ask the same as society, no lying, stealing or cheating.Take responsibility and do what is correct, make the correct conclusion. The only question is who do you make the correct decision for, you or the company. In that status most have choose to whole step out for self. When it comes down to making ethical choices that may direct one self at risk people chose themselves over the business. This is when personal values may come into play. To do correct by whom, yourself or the company that you work for? In most personal value one would say to always look out for self first.So in their book the decision to not let anyone whop that they were late does just that. Moral concepts are very similar to values, its one innate energy to do what is correct with in. The same is with virtue, Virtue-based ethical theories place less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good piece traits (Cline). T here are many external pressures that could have influenced the decision to cover ones behind and not guarantee anyone that they were late such as the new economical status.If the country is not doing closely economically and people find it hard to obtain a good job within a reasonable nub of time. Then one would defiantly choose to violate business ethics. Other external pressures could be their current financial state. People that are in better than average financial positions or are financially stable. I could continue to list other external situations that could affect a persons ability to make what they may view as the correct business decision verse the high hat chaste decision for one self.If placed in a similar situation I would choose to look out for self. When I reflect on my bringing and what I was taught I was always taught to do what is best for me and my family. Regardless of who may be affected, making sure that my family was always taken care of came first. Alt hough it may not be the best choice for all involved, it is the best for me and mine. At the point that I am in life I make my decision very wisely. I first think about who is dismission to be affected by the choice that I make.If I would choose to tell that I was late and face being terminated and that would put my family at risk for some financial instability. I know that many choice that we are forced to make in our business life can be unethical when it comes to work. But in our personal life they are considered to be ethical as well as morally correct choices. When it comes to decisions they will never be what is best for all. All members in the fellowship want to make the choice that is best for them. Virtue, value and moral concepts are what people choose to lie by to help them guide them in their personal and professional lives.