Marriage vs Civil Unions Essay

Gay marriage is a controversial and often heated topic in American society and often so elsewhere throughout the world. Homosexual behavior is not new. Homosexual behavior and the homosexual lifestyle have been around throughout recorded history, certainly for thousands of years, in fact, was socially condoned in some societies. In Ancient armies, it was often accepted because a man was more apt to fight for a lover than for a casual acquaintance. For example, unlike today’s military, in Ancient Greece, homosexual relationships between soldiers were viewed as a means to intensify the fighting spirit of the soldiers and strengthen the bond between them. (Burg et al. , 2002) Only recently did interest in issues of sexual orientation move from the realm of the social sciences into other areas of science. Freud believed that there was some degree of bisexuality in all humans (Bell and Weinberg, 1978). He and other psychologists of his time believed that homosexuality could be explained by the experiences a person had while growing up, thus focusing on environmental explanations for homosexual behavior. Psychologists once pursued the study of homosexuality in an effort to prove that it was an abnormal behavior, but such studies have now led researchers to conclude that homosexuality is somehow linked to the individual experiences and environment a person has while growing up. While this may be the general view of homosexuality in psychology, my experiences with homosexuals are not consistent with this view. The few individuals I’ve known who were homosexual coexisted in the same environment as everyone around them, but their homosexual tendencies were obvious throughout their lives. Today we realize that if environment plays a role in homosexual tendencies, environment is not the entire explanation. Now we know that genetics and biology also play a role. No matter what biological and genetic studies show, there can be little doubt that opponents of gay marriage and the gay lifestyle will only accept that the gay marriage is some kind of sickness or perverted behavior. While homosexual behavior is obviously out of the norm, there is no scientific research or evidence to suggest that is it either perverted or abnormal. Despite what opponents might claim, our view of homosexuals and our denying them the right to marry is no more than a form of discrimination—irrational, illegal, biased and illogical. Regardless as to how a person views same sex marriage, there is no rational or logical reason to ban it or to discriminate against it except for personal preference/choice. Genetic Studies, Biology and Environment It is important to consider the biology and genetics behind homosexual behavior. If people insist that homosexual behavior is a matter of personal choice when evidence exists to demonstrate genetic and biological factors are involved, their insistence shows and irrational bias against homosexuals based on prejudice and discrimination. Today, most researchers view that a person’s sexual orientation is dictated by a combination of environmental, biological and psychological factors. Recent studies suggest that both biology and genetics play a role in homosexual behavior. Studies suggest that a genetic factor passed from mother to son might contribute to homosexuality in men and that male homosexuality might have a very different genetic influence from female homosexuality. (Pattatucci et al, 1995, Bailey et al. , 2000) Studies of homosexuality in families and between twins suggest that male and female sexual orientation may not have the same genetic influences. (Bailey et al. , 2000) Animal studies reveal that sexual orientation can be influenced by altering the hypothalamus. (Cherry & Baum, 1990), Much of the available genetic data on homosexual behavior suggests that biological and genetic factors are involved. Some studies have focused on X chromosome since males have an XY chromosome and females have an XX chromosome. One study concluded that the gene that influences homosexual behavior is carried by the mother. Heterosexual females appear to pass the Xq28 gene sequence on the X chromosome to their sons. (see below, Hamer et al, 1993) This study focused on homosexual males, and thus, their findings may not be a reflection on homosexual females. When the results of genetics studies are taken together, the most reasonable conclusion is that genetics can account for at least 50 percent of a person’s sexual orientation. In general, genetic studies of homosexuality demonstrate that homosexual behavior and the homosexual condition is a result of genes. When male homosexuals were studied, the data of one study demonstrated that most of the homosexual men arose from a genetic factor that was passed down from mother to son. (Hamer et al, 1993) Dean Hamer of the National Cancer Institute in Washington, D. C. discovered that homosexual brothers are more than heterosexual brothers to inherit the same genetic sequence, referred to as Xq28, on a region of the X chromosome. This suggests that genetics are involved in homosexual behavior although only a region on a gene, not a specific gene, has been identified. The degree of gene influence is unclear. Studies of twins and also of the adoptive brothers of homosexual men reveal a relationship between genetics and homosexual behavior. (Bailey and Pillard, 1991) Thus, the evidence suggests that genetics and biology rather than environment or personal choice gives rise to homosexual behavior and the homosexual condition. Other studies have demonstrated anatomical differences between components of the brain structures of heterosexual and homosexual males. (LeVay, 1991) These are important considerations when we begin to look at the legal questions surrounding homosexual behavior. Thus, discriminating against gay individuals is just as irrational, irresponsible and illegal (or should be just as illegal) as discriminating against an individual on the basis of the color of his or her skin. Furthermore, it should be easier to decide the legality of mistreating people on the basis of the sexual preference than on the basis of their religious preference since religious preference is a matter of personal choice rather than genes. Why, then, is it illegal to discriminate against an individual on the basis of their religion while the legal issues surrounding homosexual behavior are often viewed as unclear? While there may be compelling reasons to favor heterosexual unions over gay marriages, there is actually no unbiased reason to forbid gay marriages. In fact, even favoring heterosexual marriages is a form of discrimination similar to favoring whites over other races. Certainly, the heterosexual situation constitutes the â€Å"normal† or â€Å"typical† interaction between sexes, but considering that biological and genetic studies demonstrate that homosexual situations are dictated by actual biological and genetic factors, there is no rational reason to view such unions as â€Å"unnatural† or â€Å"abnormal†. We cannot even say with certainty that they are an abnormality as much as a biologically dictated variation, not necessarily even rare, just different. While we can â€Å"prefer† heterosexual marriage over gay marriage as a society, there is no rational reason to deny gay marriage or to restrict homosexual individuals to civil unions while denying them a typical marriage (as will be discussed) other than bias. Although theories exist to suggest that environment contributes to and influences the gay lifestyle, it is not clear how this could be true. For example, if biology and genetics contribute to â€Å"at least 50 percent† of gay behavior, why is it that a homosexual male or female raised in the same environment with a heterosexual male or female gives rise to one homosexual individual and one or more (generally a host) of heterosexual individuals? If the environment helped to cause the homosexual behavior, why aren’t there more homosexuals in that environment? To my knowledge, this question has never been addressed or even asked. Likewise with Freud’s idea that childhood experiences contribute to homosexual behavior. While no two individuals have the same childhood experiences, in part because everyone responds differently to the same experiences and environment, two individuals treated the same and raised in the same environment does not lead one to conclude that the differences in their behavior is caused by their childhood experiences or their environment. Biological factors, genetics and internal psychological factors must play a significantly more crucial role in their behavior than do environment and/or childhood experiences. Marriage vs. Civil Union Now that we have briefly reviewed the biological and genetic data to suggest that homosexuality is a genetic and biological condition, at least in part, rather than a matter of personal choice, we are more prepared to consider the legal factors involved with this issue. In states where marriage is allowed between same sex couples, the individuals involved are generally placed on an uneven playing field. Even though they may be allowed to join in a legal union, they are restricted to a civil union rather than a legally recognized marriage. What is the difference and why is this distinction yet another example of social discrimination? Today, gay couples may unite in civil unions but such unions differ from the marriage granted to heterosexuals in a number of crucial ways. Although a civil union grants many rights that would be denied without it, it fails to grant hundreds of others. Furthermore, marriage is universally recognized everywhere while civil unions are not. Civil unions fail to resolve many financial matters, tax issues, insurance concerns, pension protection, Medicaid and even matters such as filing and filling our forms. Another concern arises if those joined in a civil union desire to dissolve their union. They have no means to legally terminate their union unless they live in a state that recognizes it. In fact, at present, only Vermont qualifies for this termination. A Vermont law states that â€Å"Parties to a civil union shall have all the same benefits, protections and responsibilities under law, whether they derive from statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law or any other source of civil law, as are granted to spouses in a marriage. † One must wonder why there is a need to make such a statement. If there is no discrimination based on sexual orientation, there certainly is no need for this added point of clarification in the law, so obviously, something is amiss. Much of the controversy about and distinction between â€Å"marriage† and â€Å"civil union† boils down to religious issues. In general, Christians are against gay marriage. Therefore, at some level, the issue also involves religious issues and the separation between church and state, religion and politics. While gay marriage is an issue that Christians feel goes against the principles of the Bible, other religions use other holy books and, as a result, do not base their opinions on or form their ideas from the Bible. Although the legal view is that there are no substantial differences in the treatment of a marriage and a civil union, each represents a separate legal category with significant, sometimes glaring differences that only become of concern when they matter the most. While the U. S. Constitution requires legal equality for all regardless of sexual orientation, among other factors, that legal equality exists largely on paper rather than in fact. Clearly, those individuals forced into civil unions rather than typical marriages are not on even playing ground. Civil Unions are a step forward, but they fall short of being satisfactory. Our present approach to force gay couples into civil unions rather than true marriage, perhaps, is as unjust as the former laws that denied interracial marriage. In order to give gay couples true rights, laws must eliminate the idea of civil unions and allow gay couples to form true marriage so as to give them all of the rights and privileges recognized in marriage. We cannot continue to tolerate â€Å"civil unions† as the satisfactory answer to granting unions between individuals who desire to live as a couple. Just as we moved away from banning interracial marriage, we need to move away from banning gay marriage. We have only emotional and no rational reasons to do otherwise. We have pointed out above that if the biological factors, genetics and internal psychological factors play any role at all in homosexual behavior, that role must be relatively trivial. Therefore, discriminating against gay individuals in any manner such as by relegating them to civil unions rather than allowing them to unite in true marriage, for example, is nothing more than unjustified discrimination and bias just as unjust as denying interracial marriage. We must move away from this and other unfair treatments and practices. Continuing to insist that homosexual behavior arises from environment, childhood experiences or personal choice with that belief but no supporting evidence even though there is clear evidence to the contrary is nothing more than further bias and discrimination against homosexuals. While homosexual behavior is clearly different from the norm, there is no real evidence that it is abnormal any more than being black in a society that is 12 percent black and 88 percent white and other means that blacks are abnormal. Faulty logic in the absence of supporting evidence does not justify, prove or support an incorrect conclusion.

Evergreen Naturals Market Essay

There were numerous factors that contributed towards the constant success of Evergreen Natural Markets. The company’s methodology towards growth and expansion is one of the integral factors. Where most companies seek to grow by re-investing their profits back into their businesses (ploughing back), Evergreen adopted a more radical approach by acquiring other competing companies or companies that show potential of growing rapidly. Evergreen designed a strategy that was twofold in nature. By bringing in rival companies under the Evergreen umbrella, the approach simply eliminated any competition, increased the resources and financial base and made it easier for Evergreen to have a wider scope and reach. Granted, acquisitions have issues with integration of management and operations. However, this approach has been steadily used by Evergreen, and this has resulted in its prosperity as an organic food distributor. As the latest addition to the Evergreen umbrella, Aragula Grocers serve to make the effect of the mother company increasingly widespread. The recent acquisition can allow the company to lower its prices and engage in aggressive marketing that will make Evergreen more successful. 2. Why do stores improve their performance after being acquired by Evergreen? The main reason for the increased performance after joining the Evergreen was the approach adopted by Evergreen. On the surface, they may seem like clear acquisitions. However, the acquired stores are allowed to maintain their functional systems and procedures. In this way, Evergreen owns the stores but allows them to continue operating in the same way. The slight modifications that at times were made on the administration and management included branding, change in sales approach, and other minor issues. Using the operational systems of the different stores, Evergreen was able to utilise their combined efforts and attain massive profits. On the other hand, the smaller stores also got to prosper under the Evergreen because of two arch factors. One was the fresh infusion of capital and administrative support provided by Evergreen. Evergreen offered increased investment opportunities by providing the capital, human resources, and other assistance. The second factor was an advantage of working under a larger company that allows one to work without much competition from the outside. 3. How well does the acquisition of Arugula Grocers align with Evergreen’s established approach to integrating new stores? What modifications, if any, should Norton make? The acquisition of Aragula Grocers is an advantageous addition to the Evergreen group as it offered new opportunities in Nevada, Las Vegas. However, several modifications would serve to improve the situation in their relations. Firstly, Mrs. Norton should introduce more effective communication measures that will ensure that the link between Evergreen and Aragula Grocers is not severed. It was discovered that the link between these two parties was weak, and this will lead to confusion and dilution of the vision of the mother company. Secondly, Norton also needed to rectify the financial status of the store before investing in it seriously. Aragula Grocers was acquired amid a series of financial issues and complications that showed signs of mismanagement. Adopting these problems will lead to failure of the store and eventually, losses for Evergreen. Mrs. Norton should also consider making modifications to the management style in Aragula Grocers. The changes should reflect the three proposals that she made concerning all acquisitions under Evergreen. These changes involved investing in improving human resources, maintaining the local setting, and caring about the welfare of the employees and customers. These three proposals would serve to change the atmosphere and approach taken by the Aragula management as they start operations under Evergreen.

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be Essay

Discuss whether 'dress' (clothes and style) can be considered a form of communication. Does it make sense to speak of the language of clothes - Essay Example Again, the phrase appears to give an entire cultures implicit understanding of clothing and styles as communicative function. Normally, both clothing and the communicative function of style are perceived as a kind of being problematic and well understood in some culture. Majorly, an investigation into whether clothing behavior is, in general, a communicative adjustment to a particular culture will carefully be discussed herein. Basically, the paper examines the correlation in the communicative adaptability and the clothing tendency(Barnard, 1996). Clothing has a communicative function. In accordance to the understanding of the social psychology of dress, it is important that one understands that the total arrangement of outwardly detectable body modification inclusive of all material objects added onto it brings out the body supplement (May, 2013). In this case, the body modifications directly change the body, which includes making changes of the color appearance, supplements addition such as jewelry, clothing and hearing aids and a wide range of accessories. Some of the modifications in an individual may end up permanent like teeth straightening or even temporary such as deodorant. Thus, dress can alter how the body looks, feels, smells or even sounds. Clothing is taken to be a universal human behavior in that there are no societies where people do not engage in dressing behaviourism (Gott and Loughran, 2010). In defining clothing, it was noted that clothes provide to outright functions for humans, that is a modifier in the body process and as a medium of communication. When thinking about clothing in the dimension of modifier of the body process the focus is on the supplements and modifications that usually serve as interfaces between the general body and the large physical and the social environments in which human beings are found to live. When clothing protects the human body from

The argument for net neutrality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The argument for net neutrality - Research Paper Example This method can be seen just as the current method of obtaining water from the utility company. The flow information, or data, can be seen as the flow water to a home. From that point the amount of water coming into a home can be increased by purchasing a larger inlet pipe from the provider. This is the same concept with Internet service providers. Once the water reaches a home it can be distributed and used around the home as much as needed up to the max flow that the pipes allow. This same concept is the same with the Internet. Information flow comes in to the home and distributed to devices until the â€Å"pipe† is full. Internet service providers now want to not only charge for the pipe coming into the home but also split up the types information within the flow into tiered charges as well. This is where the idea of net neutrality comes into play. Net neutrality states that the flow from the pipe is a stream of data just like the water is from the water company and should not be filtered to charge for certain types of data coming through. The Internet is a flow of information and should not be restricted based on the types of information coming through the pipes. Problems in the absence of neutral net services The issue of net neutrality received widespread media attention when some broadband service providers (BSPs) such as Verizon, Comcast, and AT &T proposed to charge popular online Web sites for priority delivery of the latter’s content to their residential and commercial customers. The proposal encountered stiff resistance from those who were supposed to be charged, and thus erstwhile competitors such as Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft were soon lobbying before the U.S. Congress to pass legislation that would prevent the BSPs from carrying out their proposed plan and thereby maintain what was termed the â€Å"neutrality† of the Internet (Guo, et al, 2010, p.244) Commercialization is intruding virtually in every segments of human life and internet is also not an exception. When internet was introduced, people visualized or welcomed it as an ocean of free or unpaid knowledge. However, business people quickly realized the huge business potential of internet and quickly started their efforts to transform internet from a free service to a paid service. Many internet service providers in America like Verizon, Comcast, and AT &T, started to restrict their free internet services one way or other which resulted in the creation of the topic; net neutrality. Enforcing fees for using some kind of network services is just like restricting the natural right of people to get drinking water. Knowledge is a property which cannot be restricted or used for commercial purposes. It should be remembered that what would have happened, had our ancestors try to hide their knowledge instead of distributing it freely to the future generation. What would have happened if the inventor of electricity asked for patents or fees for his discov ery? Knowledge, technological advancements, discoveries and inventions should be used for the

Answer week 10 m9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer week 10 m9 - Essay Example Our workplace environment operates in a very strict ethical environment. Any employee who attempts to violate the set norms attracts immediate dismissal or sanction. I admit that the CAL project has equipped me with variety of skills on how to resolve the workplace-based problem. Through the project, I have understood the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an inevitable component in the contemporary organizations. It encompasses creation of a favorable workplace environment to both the outsiders and the insiders. Having worked for nine months in a research firm, I have notice that one of the main causes of work-based problem is the lack of honesty, honesty, accountability, integrity, and legitimacy (Badaracco, 1992). From the CAL project, I have learnt that CSR provides framework through which such organizational problems can be identified, managed and controlled. One of the challenges facing most of the human resource managers concerns the incorporation of CSR requirements. Most managers find it hard to integrate some of the CSR because of the aspect of cultural differences. Personally, I have been trying my best to incorporate most of the general reflection on learning outcomes in the firm I work in. However, I normally face the problem related to cultural diversity. Badaracco, J.L., 1992, Business ethics: Four spheres of executive responsibility, California Management Review, 34(3), pp. 64-79. Available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/detail?sid=c2ac9049-a9b7-49b0-9698- 74f9a857ae32%40sessionmgr104ssss&vid=1&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3Qtb

The Role of Religion in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Essay

The Role of Religion in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Essay Example The researcher states that in the Americas, the European masters claimed that it was through Christianity that the African slaves would be compliant to their rule but the unkind treatment of the slaves which led to many deaths illustrates how religion was used to justify the economic interests of the traders and the consequences of the trade. This paper gives a critical analysis of the role of religion in the development of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in relation to the capture, domestication, and control of the African slaves from Africa to the Americas. Transatlantic Slave Trade The Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place from the 16th to the 19th centuries across the Atlantic Ocean. Slaves from the west and central Africa were traded between Africans and slave traders from Europe. The European then shipped the slaves across the Atlantic to South and North America. In the Americas, the slaves were forced to work in the British colonies. The slavery involved forced labor in the pla ntation of tobacco, coffee, cotton, cocoa, and sugar. Moreover, the slaves were forced to work in silver and gold mines. Some slaves also worked as servants while others toiled in the construction industry and rice fields. The British, Portuguese, Americans, the Dutch, the Spanish and the French were involved in the slave trade. The local tribal leaders in the West and Central Africa sold the slaves to the slave traders. The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade was motivated by religious factors. The influence of Bartolome de las Casas, who was a Spanish missionary of the Catholic Church led to the replacement of the Amerindians in America's labor force with Africans. When Christopher Columbus arrived in the west, he encountered the Amerindians who were the natives in the Americas. The Amerindians provided hard labor in the western plantation. The settlement of the Spanish in this area was motivated by the need to find gold. The determination of the Spanish led to forced labo r on the Amerindians in search of gold. Many Amerindians died as a result of the harsh treatment in the forced labor. However, most of the Amerindians died out of the attack of epidemic diseases. The significant reduction in the number of Amerindians and the disputed harsh treatment of the Amerindians is what gave birth to the transatlantic trade because Africans were targeted as the replacement of the Amerindians as slave workers in the Americas. The Role of Religion The Trans-Atlantic trade is known for the inhumane treatment of slaves and the forced labor which they were forced to provide in the Americas. The happenings during the trade are usually referred as the conquest of the Americas. This conquest led to a great loss of human life and destruction of African cultures. Religion played a significant role in this trade as illustrated by the different religious backgrounds of the slave traders in the transatlantic slave trade. The European for example entered Africa as a way of spreading the Christian religion to the local people. On the other hand, the Muslim Arabs who were involved in the slave trade were motivated by the need to convert as many people as possible to the Islamic religion.

You Decide Activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You Decide Activity - Assignment Example This would be effectively done by increasing lending rates to commercial banks. This will in turn serve to reduce the money supply in the public. Once people have money, they can invest moderately and in addition create job opportunities. In addition, the governments should also sell treasury bills in order to decrease money supply in the economy. Another very effective monetary policy is use of the credit multiplier (Taylor, 2007). When the reserve ratio is increased, there will be less availability of money for credit hence the supply of money will be under control. Adjusting rates of interest is of great significance in controlling an increase in the gross domestic product of the economy. Inflation significantly devalues a country’s currency because goods will be highly priced. The problem of inflation can be avoided by stabilizing the dollar. Taxation is also an alternative approach to controlling inflation (Carbaugh, 2011). If the money supply is very high in the economy, taxation should be increased to control the supply of money in the market. Increased market operation is another that will control the supply of money hence assisting the country regain an economic balance (Taylor, 2007). At times controlled economic recessions are good as they cure the problem of inflation. One measure that would help completely deal with the current economic problem would be to stimulate the economy especially through lower tax rates. Producers will be motivated to produce more and as a result restore the economy. In addition, the government should try to increase its public expenditure without at first considering the budget deficit. Commercial banks should be motivated to create more funds for

Openning Trader Joe's in Canada Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Openning Trader Joe's in Canada - Assignment Example The mode of entry the company is focusing on is acquisition. This report discusses the viability of an international expansion into Canada utilizing the acquisition entry strategy. In order to penetrate a foreign market the managerial staff of a company must perform environmental scanning of the marketplace. Canada is the biggest market that is closest to the United States. The population of Canada is 32.32 million people whose gross domestic product per capita in 2005 was $32,645 (Studentsoftheworld). Canada is part of special trade treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This trade treaty is called the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA is a trade agreement that began on January 1, 1994 which removes most barriers to trade and investment among the three countries (Usda). The existence of this trade agreement means that Joe’s Trader would not have any problems gaining market entry through the acquisition mechanism. The people of Canada enjoy eating seafood and dairy products. Due to the French influence in its culture cuisine food items such as pea soup, French pastries, breads, crepes, special cheeses, lamb and veal are some of the food items Canadian citizens utilize in their homes on a daily basis (CultureGrams). The eating habits and preference for gourmet items is aligned well with the product offering of Trader Joe’s. The food market in Canada just as in other parts of the world is very competitive and profit margins are very low. Joe Trader has a product selection of upscale organic products, fresh vegetables and dairies, and many other cuisine food items that gives this firm a product differentiation which will enable to attract customer in market saturated with traditional supermarket stores. The chosen strategy for entry into the Canadian marketplace is acquisition. An acquisition is good strategy for Joe Trader because it would enable fast access for the company into Canada. An

Technical Definition and Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technical Definition and Description - Essay Example This informs the person about the processes that occur as a result of binding, leading to the drug effect. A renowned scientist, Paul Ehrlich concluded that drugs cannot work unless they are bound (Berges-Gimeno & Stevenson, 2004). This paper outlines how aspirin works starting with a history of the drug, its administration, benefits and the way it works. This is beneficial to patients. An overview of Aspirin’s history Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and it is also known as a salicylate (Berges-Gimeno & Stevenson, 2004). This drug owes its origin to Luke Hoffman who discovered a powder from the bark of willow plant around the fifth century. Hippocrates commonly referred to as the father of medicine appraised the use of the powder in relieving pain. In the 1700s, Reverend Edmund Stone talked about its success in alleviating pain and fevers. Scientists later discovered that the bitter powder from willow bark contained a chemical called salicin. This che mical is converted into salicylic acid once ingested by a person and is widely used to manufacture aspirin. The drug was registered as the most popular painkiller in the world, in the 1950 Guinness Book of Records. It is widely known as a â€Å"wonder drug† because it cures several diseases in the contemporary world (Jeffreys, 2005). Administration of aspirin It is usually administered orally through tablets, but it can also be administered through caplets, capsules, liquid elixir and suppositories. Benefits of Aspirin The following are the benefits of aspirin. It; Relieves mild pain such as muscle cramps, toothaches and headaches Controls fever Manages pain in gout and arthritis Reduces swellings Regulates blood pressure in expectant women Treats cataracts in diabetic patients Prevents some cancers such as breast and bowel cancers Treats gum disease (Vane, 1971) How it works Researchers and medical practitioners have found it difficult explain how aspirin works due to its nu merous effects (Weissmann, 1991). However, in the 1970s, biologists came to a conclusion regarding how aspirin works. The drug inhibits synthesizing of some hormones responsible for causing pain and inflammation in the body. Aspirin has an active ingredient called acetylsalicylic acid. This ingredient inhibits chemical processes such as physiological processes in the body. It inhibits production of body chemicals referred to as prostaglandin and thromboxane, which are potential mediators in inflammation. Aspirin undergoes esterification whereby salicylic acid is mixed with acetic anhydride. This results in a chemical reaction which turns the hydroxyl group in salicylic acid into an ester (R-OH R-OCOCH3). This is followed by action on COX. The figure below shows this process. Prostaglandins are important because; they Aid in regulation of acid production, in the stomach Ensure the stomach lining does not digest itself Transmit pain into the brain Are responsible for inflammation The mediators are produced from arachidonic acid through bis-oxygenation of arachidonate into prostaglandin PGG2. Thereafter, PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 following a peroxidase reaction which is enhanced by cyclooxygenase, also called PTGS synthase. This is a catalyst and enzyme which is crucial in the synthesis of prostaglandin as well as thromboxane. The cyclooxygenase (COX) comprise of two types; COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin acts as an irreversible inhibitor unlike other NSAIDs like ibuprofen and diclofenac. It plays the

Current Therapy Trends for Specific Phobias and Their Long-term Essay

Current Therapy Trends for Specific Phobias and Their Long-term Effectiveness - Essay Example A simple phobia, which was earlier known as simple phobia is thus a lingering and unreasonable fear that is caused by the presence or thought of a specific object or situation that normally poses little or no real danger. Faced by such an object or situation the response is an immediate reaction that causes the individual to feel severe anxiety that. The consequence is that the individual avoids the specific object or situation. The severe distress caused to the individual interferes with the ability of the individual to function normally. Though adults with specific phobia recognize and understand that the fear they feel is excessive or not given to reason, they find themselves unable to overcome such fears (Specific Phobias). â€Å"Persistent fear of a circumscribed stimulus (object or situation), other than fear of having a panic attack (as in panic disorder) or of humiliation, or embarrassment in certain social situations (as in social phobia). The fear or associated avoidance behavior significantly interferes with the person’s normal routine or with usual social activities or relationships with others, or there is marked distress about having the fear. Specific phobias are of different types and are classified based on the object or situation that causes it. Specific phobias include animal phobias like fear of dogs, snakes, insects, or mice; situational phobias like flying, riding a car, driving, going over bridges or tunnels, or of being in an enclosed space; natural environment phobias like fear of storms, heights, or water; blood-injection-injury phobias like, fear of seeing blood or of invasive medical procedures, such as blood tests or injections, or fear of being injured; other phobias like fear of falling down, fear of loud sounds, or fear of costumed characters, such as clowns. An individual could be affected by one or more specific phobias (Specific Phobias). The U.S.

Recognise the impact of prejudice Essay Example for Free

Recognise the impact of prejudice Essay Three of the examples of prejudice or stereotyping in Task 9 and describe what strategies/methods as a community interpreter would use to influence/educate agencies in overcoming these barriers. Write about what systems agencies already have in place to overcome these particular barriers. Example 1: The Iranian Interpreter, how would you deal with this situation in a professional manner? Strategy: Get to know a person on an individual basis before you decide if you dont like them. Youre not going to like everyone, but you do need to respect them as an individual and spend time with them before you make a judgment. You need to realize that your way isnt the only way. Example 2: People who came from an Arab background and who attended mosques were looked at differently. This means that people you passed every day on the street were given a discrimination.This is not fair treatment Strategy: Learn about different cultures and people to understand differences between yourself and others. As you learn more, you can relate to other people better even when differences exist. You need to go where you are in the minority and experience what it is like to be in that situation. Example 3:Many people have the view of a person with mental illness as someone who is violence-prone. Strategy: Be respectful of differences. You need to be able to agree to disagree. Even if you dont have eye contact with each other, you will feel and know that their attitudes and behavior.

Comparison of Healthcare Systems: Russia and the US

Comparison of Healthcare Systems: Russia and the US Joel Adewuyi Madalyn Arnott Stephanie Armstrong Lauren Ball Russian federation has 17 million km2 of land surface area, making it the largest country in the world. The country has major deposits of coal, timber, oil, and assorted minerals and is thus perceived by many as a rich country who can provide universal healthcare to her citizens. Today, the healthcare system in Russia unlike in the United States is universal but has been plagued with poor quality and deficient services and thus in the process of being reformed by the Russian government. It is a universal system only in theory but the poor quality has made many Russians result to paying under the counter-bribes in order to get their necessary treatments (Russian, 2017). Recent government reforms, and measures to increase efficiency such as increase in funding have begun to address the ongoing problem in the healthcare sector. However, even with the new reforms in place, since the 1990s, there has been no significant improvement in the healthcare system (Russian 2017). The biggest problem confronting this system has been attributed to lack of funding by the government. Historical Perspectives The end of the Soviet Union gave birth to the Russian Federation in 1991 and since then the health status of the Russian population has been on a dramatic decline. Rates of medical conditions like cancer, heart disease, and tuberculosis are the highest compared to any other industrialized country. Government spending on healthcare which was 7% of Gross National Product (GNP) in the 1960s before Soviet Unions breakup was reduced to 3% after the breakup (site wide, 2017). Most of the government funding started going to industrial and military developments and lesser priority given to the healthcare system and by the end of 1995 less than 1 percent of Russias budget was allocated to public health in comparison to more than 12 percent in the United States (site wide 2017). With this, the public health delivery system in Russia went into the crisis with poorly trained medical personnel, lack of modernized equipment, poor payments for the medical personnel, poor personal hygiene and diet, lack of exercise, virtually nonexistent preventive medicine etc. The lack of accessibility to national health system facilities, with most patients standing in line at clinics for an entire day before receiving treatments coupled with non-affordability prescriptions drugs, has encouraged them resulting into unorthodox alternatives such as herbal medicine, mysticism, and faith healings. Russian Healthcare System Today There are several issues that can be observed in the modern Russian healthcare system. For example; there is limited access to healthcare facilities, and the sanitation in the facilities is below United States standards. The Healthcare system in the United States is often viewed as the best in the world, but it has several flaws as well. There is limited access for veterans and several hospitals charge as much as three times what others charge. There are also several benefits to the United States healthcare. Virtually on every corner of any town in the U.S there is access to a hospital or an emergency room. Also in the U.S., there are several payment plans individuals can use. In the Russian healthcare system one of the main problems is limited access to healthcare facilities. Only four percent pay their doctors when they have a medical procedure (Allianz, 2009 p 5). This causes a shortage of medical professionals. The lack of medical professionals causes individuals to rely on themselves for medical treatment. Several problems arise when individuals rely on their own knowledge. Another major issue with this system is the unsanitary working conditions of medical practices and medical professionals themselves. The lack of sanitation in facilities causes individuals to be more susceptible to diseases and other types of infections (Antonova, 2016 p3). The Russian healthcare system has several flaws that we do not have in the United States healthcare system. In the United States, there are hospitals around every corner. This allows individuals to have access to healthcare no matter where they live, but this can have some repercussions. Although hospitals are easy to find some individuals cannot afford this care. In 2010 the Affordable Care Act was signed so everyone has access to healthcare, but individuals need to have insurance for this Act to apply to them. This although seems beneficial to all, some individuals feel that they are forced to buy insurance. One positive aspect of the United States healthcare system is the amount of insurance options available. Most individuals use insurance through their employer, and some have medical cards. One negative aspect of the healthcare system is there is little to no coverage to for veterans. Tricare only covers veterans when they are in active duty, once they retire the insurance no longer covers them. Future of Healthcare System in Russia The Russian healthcare system for sure needs improvements due to many problems. Russias population is more than 6 million lower than it was nearly two decades ago (public health, 2015). Sadly, birth rates are lower and mortality rates are higher. Over half of the deaths are due to cardiovascular disease. Other problems include cancer and external causes such as accidents and traumas. However, since 2005 the Russian healthcare system have been trying to turn things around positively. In 2006, the Russian government launched the National Priority Project (NPP) to try and change the system for the better (public health 2015). The budget for this project was over than 400 billion rubles (Russian dollars) which was granted between 2006 to 2009 (public health 2015). Many activities have been planned and accomplished through the NPP. The NPP has increased salaries of primary and emergency care physicians, purchased more primary care equipment, provided more vaccination programs, providing free medical examinations to the public, increased the promotion of fertility, and made more high-tech centers for tertiary care. These activities have increased the quality of the system and bettered it for the citizens of Russia. There have recently been very bad financial troubles in Russia yet the NPP has managed to improve the system through these ways. Fertility rates are higher, mortality rates are lower, and life expectancy for both women and men have risen. However, not all the healthcare problems have been addressed. Basic healthcare is still unfunded, there are many problems with Russias healthcare insurance, and there is little effort to face and fix the population health behavior. Until the Russian citizens take these problems into their own hands the future of Russias health will be a problem. The citizens need to stop smoking, binge drinking, and bad habits in order to enjoy better health. The Russian public needs to be able to provide healthy air, water, better food quality, safer roads, and safer work environments. Until these problems are addressed, the health challenges that Russia faces will not be fixed and will follow to the years ahead. Russias health care system has taken a turn for the worst. Consequences of a failing healthcare system have fed to declining health among the Russian population. Inefficient funds have led to cost cuts, this already damaging a weak system. Numerous medical staff had to be laid off because of this, when healthcare workers were already at a minimal amount. At this point in time Russia suffers from a high death rate, low birth rate, and low life expectancy. The total population is decreasing by 700,000 people each year (Aarva 2009). The average life span for a male is statistically shown to only reach 59 years old (Aarva, 2009). Compared to the United States, a typical average life span for men is 78 years old (Aarva, 2009). Women in Russia overall only average to 72 years old (Aarva, 2009). The fertility rates in Russia cannot meet the declining rate of population. The decline in health statistically shows to only get worse within the next 50 years, declining by 30 percent (Aarva 2009) . In Russia, the number one leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease, this is followed by alcoholism and tobacco use. The World Health Organization accounts for more than 1.2 million deaths per year from these. A growing health issue in Russia is disease, such as HIV/AIDS, a little over 1 percent of Russias population test positive (Aarva, 2009). Lancet 2012 study showed that 57 percent of those affected acquired this from drug use (Aarva, 2009). Although over looked, Russias health care system has led them to have a lot in common with 3rd world countries. Numerous factors have led to Russias health care decline; however, many believe lack of education is the number one reason for the decline. Public health policies and information is less easy to access in Russia then the United States. Russia is also lacking in resources such as a lack in medication. Russias health care doesnt have the ability to give the citizens proper health care, if this situation continues their population will significantly continue to decline. In conclusion and in fairness to the Russia federation, the truth is that despite the relatively poor health statistics and healthcare situations, Russia is not dependent on any international assistance for her healthcare funding and is nondependent on any of the developed countries. Even though, they are independent, the governments duty of a guaranteed full range of free healthcare services to her citizens has not experienced any setback, but rather has been confirmed through the newly implemented Russian constitution and the new healthcare financing laws. References Russian health care: A healthy future? (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2017. Site-wide navigation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2017. Public Health: Russia is Sick. The Globalist. N.p., 04 Oct. 2015. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Landed, S. J. (2014, May 04). Overview. Retrieved February 22, 2017. Allianz. (2017). Healthcare in Russia support. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Aarva, P., Ilchenko, I., Gorobets, P., Rogacheva, A. (2009). Formal and informal payments in health care facilities in two Russian cities, Tyumen and Lipetsk. Health Policy and Planning, 24(5), 395-405. doi:10.1093/heapol/czp029 Antonova, N. (2016). Access to Healthcare in Russia: A Pilot Study in Ekaterinburg. Central European Journal of Public Health, 24(2), 152-155. doi:10.21101/cejph.a3942 O. (n.d.). Weve Got You Covered. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Dairy Products: Physio-chemicals and Microbiology Dairy Products: Physio-chemicals and Microbiology Agriculture is the single largest sector in the Pakistan, contributing 21. 8 to the gross domestic product and employing approximately 44. 7 of the workforce. Livestock is playing a vital role in the economy of Pakistan and account for 51. 8 % of the agriculture value added and 11. 3% of the national Gross Domestic Product. The milk production in country increased by 35. 6% from 1996 to 2007 (Anonymous, 2008). Pakistan dairy sector is producing 41. 3 million tons milk and is the fifith largest milk producing country in the world. Its massive herd of 60. 8 million cows and buffaloes produced 40. 76 million tons of milk in the year 2007-2008. while 56. 70 million goats produced 0. 70 million ton (Anonymous, 2008). The role of livestock sector in the rural economy of Pakistan is important as 30-35 million rural population of the country derive their livelihood from livestock production as a primary or secondary activity (Anonymous, 2008), Milk is defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals excluding that obtained within fifteen days before or five days after the calving or such period as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums free and containing the minimum prescribed percentage of milk fat and sold not fat (Goff and Griffth, 2006). Milk is a dynamically balanced mixture and is also a perishable food. It is one of few foods consumed in the natural form throught the world. Milk contain 87% water 3. 9% fat, 3. 3% protein, 5% lactose and 0. 7% ash. Milk supply body building protein, bone forming minerals, health giving vitamin and energy giving lactose and milk fat. Besides providing certain essential fatty acids it contain all essential amino acid. All the properties of milk make it an important food for growing children, adults, adolescents, invalid, convalescents and patients (Khan et al., 2005). There is a great potential for dairy industry but the sector operates mostly in the informal economy and needs a constituents effort to formalize and be able to contribute better to the national economy. There are nearly 5. 5 million small scale rural units owing less than 6 dairy herds. These small dairy holders produce 65% of all buffalos and cows milk. Out of total milk produced, 97% is in the informal sector (i. e. loose milk consumed in the village and or sold in the cities through Gawalas in unhygienic condition and without any quality standard). The small scale milk collector collect 200-400 kg milk per day from different villages. Medium scale milk collectors collect 400-800 kg milk per day in a manner similar to the small milk collectors, but on a large scale, Large scale milk collectos collect 5-to 10 tons milk per day and supply milk the dairy factories (Garcia et al, 2003). There are hardly 15 milk processing plant (mainly UHT fluid milk, milk powder and yoghurt in Pakist an). Only about 3 % milk is being processed and 97% is consumed as a raw milk (Malik, 2008). Milk and milk products are one of the most important food products with livestock origin which enjoy special significance in terms of its various nutritional properties such as protein, lactose, fat, minerals and vitamins. Many studies have been made on its constituents and physiochemical characteristics (Walstra et al,  1999). Adulteration of milk and dairy products is one of the most serious issues in the dairy industry and causes economic losses and major health problem to consumers. Due to the limited number of large dairy farms, milk handling process in the traditional system are unhygienic and there is insufficient enforcement of standards, resulting in poor quality of milk products. In order to keep the milk safe, middleman add ice to the milk, in addition microbiological contamination occur due to addition of ice in the milk. The middleman increases the milk quality by adding water, vegitable oil, whey powder and other ingredients to increase the soilds of milk. Antibiotics and Hydrogen peroxide are often used as a preservatives (Garcia et al,   2003). The adulterants in milk include water, starch, whey poxder, vegetable oil and hazourds substance such as antibiotics, caustic soda, urea, formaline, detergents and other chemicals preservatives. Adulteration in milk is a very serious issues in Pakistan. Keeping in view these facts, the present will be planned. Objectives: To study the Physio-chemicals and microbiological quality of dairy products. To determine the adulterants and residues in the dairy products. To determine the relationship of physio-chemical parameters with adulterants. To make recommendation to the Govt of Punjab in the control of adulterants in milk and other food products. Review of Literature: A study conducted on physiochemical quality of UHT milk produced from whole milk powder and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 48 hours. They observed that non protein nitrogen content of UHT milk increased while pH decreased with storage and the rate of change being greater at higher storage temperature. Sediment increased with longer storage period, but independent of storage temperature. With longer storage at both 3+-1 C and 25-+ 1 °C, greater sediment and lower pH were observed in UHT milk processed from older milk powder. The development of off flavors increased in UHT milk with a prolong storage period (Ernani et al, 1997). Kuo et al. 2001 studied the effect of heat treatments on the meltability of cheese. They studied cheddar cheese of different composition and low-moisture. Cheese samples were heated to 60 °C and held for 0, 10 and 20 min before allowing the melted cheese to flow. Mean meltabilities, over all ages of both Cheddar and Mozrella cheeses decreased significantly as holding time increased. Meltability of young cheese was scarcely affected by the holding time, in contrast to that of the old cheese where increasing the holding time greately reduced meltability. Khan (2004) studied the physio-chemicals changes in UHT bottled milk and found that effect of treatments and storage on sedimentation, fat, pH, acidity and SNF was highly significant. Maaximum sedimentation was observed after 12 weeks of storage, pH gradually decreased and minimum value were found after 12 weeks. Maximum acidity was found after 12 weeks and minimum was noted in the first week. Kumar and Mishara (2004), studied the effect of stabilizer addition on physiochemical, sensory, textural properties and stater culture counts of mango soy milk fortified yoghurt (MSFY). Three stabilizer namely gelatin, pectin and sodium alginate were used. The addition rate of stabilizer was 0. 2%, 0. 4% and 0. 6% w/w. Significant effect of type and addition rate on acidity, msture content and total solids ofMSFY were observed. Syneresis and acetaldehyde content of MSFY was reduced significantly. Lightness and yellowness of MSFY increased with gelatin and decreased with pectin and sodium alginate. Gelatin gave better effect on appearance and color, body and texture, flavor and overall acceptability in comparision with other stabilizer at 0. 4 % addition rate. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness of MSFY increased up to 0. 4 % stabilizer addition, while springiness and gumminess did not follow any trend. There was a significant effect of stabilizer addition on Streptococcus thermop hillus and lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus counts. Griffiths et al 1988, manufactured low heat skim milk powder from raw farm bulk tank and creamery silo milk which had been stored at 2 °C for 24 and 72 hours. During the storage period psychrotroph count increased by about 1log cycle after 24 hour aand 2 log cycle after 72 hours. There was no increase in thermoduric or spore counts of the milk under these storage condition. The powder manufactured from these milk was good bacteriological quality and conformed to ADMI recommendations regarding moisture content, titratable acidity and solubility. They concluded that storage of raw milk at 2 C had no deterintal effect on the heat stability of the powder manufactured from it when reconstituted to both 9 and 22% total solid concentrations. Molska et al 2003 studied the microbiological quality of kefir (61 samples) and yoghurt (92 samples) purchased in retail network in Warsaw. The total number of bacteria in at least 90% of yoghurt and 73% of kefir was in the range of 10(7)-10(9) cfu/g. The domestic group of bacteria in kefir were mesophilic lactic acid streptococci and in yoghurt S. thermophillus. The number of L. delbrueckii in 40 % of sample was less than 10(7) cfu/g. More than 86 % of kefir and 97 % of yoghurt analysed were free from coliform bacteria., B. cereus, mould and yeast. About 48 % of kefir samples did not fulfilled the FAO/WHO requirements concerning the number of yeast. Kessel et al 2004, determine the test for standard plate count (SPC) and fecal coliforms in the bulk tank milk in the inited state. As part of the 2002 survey, 861 bulk tank milk sample were collected from farms in 21 states, coliform were detected in 95 % samples. There were no apparent relationship between SPC and incidence of salmonella or L. monocytogenes. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and salmonella was low, these pathogens represent a potential risk to consumers of raw milk and raw milk products. Nero et al 2004 condcted a study to avaluate the microbiological quality and the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. In the raw milk produced in 210 small and medium farms located in four important milk producing Brazilian states. In 66% of the selected farms the milkng was manual. In 33 % of them, the milking was semi-automatic and only 1 % were equipped wit hfully automatic milking systems. All raw milk samples were negative for L. monocytogenes and salmonella spp. Mesophilic aerobes counts were higher than 10^5 CFU /ml in 75. 7% of the samples. In 80. 4%, coliforms were over 10^2CFU /ml. Escherichia coli were detected in 36. 8% of the samples. Aygun et al 2005 purchased 50 randomly selected samples of Carra cheese, raw milk cheese, from different retail markets in the Antakya region and were investigated for microbiological quality and some chemical analyses. In their samples, the number of microorganisms were found as follows : Staphylococcus aureus 2. 51* 10^3 cfu/g, coliform 1. 02*10^4 cfu/g, E. coli 4. 27*10^3 cfu/g, Salmonella were not detected in any of the samples. Mean moisture, salt and fat content of Carra cheese were found as 41. 26%, 7. 82% and 26. 77% respectively. The pH value of the samples varied b/w 4. 53 and 6. 32 with the mean of 5. 24. The microbiological finding showed the presence of high counts of microorganisms investigated and the poor hygienic quality of Carra cheese. Little et al 2008 determined the microbiological quality of two retail fresh ripened and semi hard cheeses made from raw, thermized or pasteurized milk. Raw or thermized milk cheeses were of unsatisfactory quality due to level of Staphylococcus aureus st 10^4 cfu/g, E. coli at 10^5 cfu/g, whereas pasteurized milk cheeses were of unsatisfactory quality due to S. aureus at 10^3 cfu/g and E. coli at 10^3 cfu/g. Salmonella was not detected in any samples. They emphasize the need for applying and maintaining good hygeinc practices throught the food chain to prevent contamination and bacterial growth. Labelling of cheeses with clear information on whether the cheese was prepared from raw milk also requires improvement. Sheppard et al 1985 demonstrated the application of various analytical methods to the detection, identification and quantitation of vegetable oil adulteration o ice cream. Total fat content, sterol, long and chain fatty acid, vit E, Reichert à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Meissle values and Polenske values were measured in ice cream. All method except total fat determination were capable of detecting vegetable oil adulteration. Sterol determination was the most effective and versatile measurement because it provided information not only on the detection and extent of adulteration but also on the possible identity of the adulterant. Fox et al 1988, described a test for routine screening of Mozzarrella Cheese and butter for vegetable fat adulteration. Fat is extracted and sponified. The potassium salts of the fatty acids are measured through direct gas chromatographic analysis. A ratio, calculated from the concentration of butyric acid and oleic acid is used to avaluate the puroty of the samples. The test offers good precision and can detect less than 10% partially hydrogenated vegetable fat. Kumar et al 2002, reported that adulteration in milk and milk products has reached an alarming stage. Milk fat is being mixed or replaced with cheaper vegetable oil. Therefore, often more than one test has to be employed to confirm the purity of milk fat. The various method for the detection of adulteration in milk at is based on the physical properties, chemical properties and presence or absence of specific constituents of either milk fat or adulterant fats. Jha and Matsuoka 2004, conducted a study on the adulteration of natural milk by synthetic milk, prepared by mixing appropriate amount of vegetable oil, urea, detergent powder /shampoo, caustic soda, sugar /salt and skim milk powder to water. Detection of adulterants is difficult by a single method and sometimes more than two methods are required to confirm the presence. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy were investigated (NIRS) in the wavelength range of 700-1124. 8 nm. Material And Methods: Collection of Samples: The dairy products samples will be collected from the market and then analysis will be performed at Dairy Laboratory, National Institute of Food Science Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Butter: Butter samples of three different brand namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Youghurt: Yoghurt samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Cheese: Cheese samples of three different brands namely Adams, Military dairy Factory and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Milk Powder: Milk Powder samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. UHT milk: UHT milk samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Sampling Procedure: Dairy product samples will be collected in clean sterilized container and put in ice chest, whereas milk powder will be collected in zip polyethylene bag. These samples will be transported for analysis to the Dairy Laboratory, National Institute of Food Science Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Sterilization: All glassware like pipette, test tubes, petri dishes, beaker and flasks will be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized in an oven at 180 C for 2 hours. All media and solution will be prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 C at 15 Ib pressure for 15 min using the procedure of AOAC (2000). Physiochemical Test: The samples will be subjected to different physic-chemical test which are detailed as under. Melting Resistance and Melting Quality: Melting Resistance and Melting Quality will be determined by the method as prescribed by Bhadari(2001). Fat: Fat will be determined by using Gerber method as described by the Kirk and sawyer (1991). pH The pH of all the treatments will be determined according to AOAC (2000) method no. 981. 12. Moisture and ash All the treatments will be analyzed for moisture and ash according to their respective methods mentioned in AOAC (2000). Total solids Total solids called percent residues will be determined by drying the sample in hot air oven according to method described in AOAC (2000). Protein: Protein content will be determined by using Kjeldhal method as described by AOAC (2000). Microbiological Test: Dairy products samples will be tested for total plate counts, Coliform counts, Staphyloccus aureus and Yeast and Mould count by the method prescribed by AOAC (2000). Chemicals Adulterants Detection Test: Dairy products samples will be tested for the adulterants namely Formaldehyde, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Starch, Neutralizers (Sodium carbonate, bicarbonates, Sodium hydroxide by the method prescribed by AOAC (2000). Statistical analysis Results will be analyzed statistically to determine the level of significance (Steel et al., 1997). Literature Cited: Anonymous, (2008). Economic survey of Pakistan. Ministry of finance, economics advisers wing Islamabad. AOAC, (2000). Official Method of Analysis International. 17th edition. Association of office analytical chemists Washington, DC. AOCS, 1990. Official Methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemist Society. Atlas, R. M. 2004. Handbook of Microbiology Media 3rd ed. New York. Pp 345-356. Aygun, O. O. Aslantas and S. Oner, 2005. A survey on the microbiological quality of Carra, a traditional Turkish cheese. J. Food Eng 66(3): 401-404. Bandyopadhyay, A. K. and P. K. Ghatak, 2007. Practical Dairy Chemistry. ISBN. 13 Kalyani Publishers, Iyall. book depot. New Delhi, India. PP 25-74. Battu, S. R. B. Singh and B. K. Knag 2004. Contamination of liquid milk and butter with pesticides residues in the Ludhiana Distt. Of Punjab state, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Saftey, 59: 324-331. Bhandari, V. 2001. Ice cream manufacture and technology. Tata McGraw Hill pub. co. Ltd. New Delhi. Blake, A. J. , J. R. Powers, L. O. Luedecke and S. Clark 2005. Enhanced lactose cheese milk does not guarantee calcium lactate crystals in finished cheddar cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2302-2311. Cheesebrough, M. 2002. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. UK. Cambridge Univesity Press. Pp: 382-389. Ernani, L. , M. Lyer, Celestino and H. Roginski 1997. Reconstituted UHT treated milk, effects of raw milk, powder quality and storage condition of UHT milk on its physio-chemical attributes and flavor. Intl. Dairy J. , 7 (2) :129-140. Fleet, G. H. , M. A. Mian 1987. The occurance and growth of yeast in dairy products. J. Food Micro. , 4(2): 145-155. Flint, S. , J. L. Drocourt, K. Walker, B. Stevenson, M. Dwyer, I. Clarke and D. McGill 2006. A rapid, two hour method for the enumeration of total viable bacteria in samples from commercial milk powder and whey protein concentrate powder manufacturing plants. Intl. Dairy J. , 16(4):379-384. Fox, R. J. , A. H. Duthie and S. Wulff 1988. Precision and sensitivity of a test for vegetable fat adulteration of milk fat. Journal of Dairy Science, 71 : 574-581. Garcia, O. , K. Mahmood and T. Hemme 2003. Areview of milk production in Pakistan with Particular emphasis on small scale producer. International Farm Comparision Network FAO, Pp 11-21. Griffiths, M. W. , J. D. Phillips, I. G. West, A. W. M. Sweetsur and D. D. Muir 1988. The quality if skim milk powder produced from raw milk stored at 2 C. Food Microbiology, 5(2) :89-96. Guler, Z. 2007. Level of 24 minerals in local goat milk, its strained yoghurt and salted yoghurt (tuzlu yogurt). Small Ruminant Research, 71 (3): 130-137. Kuo, M. I. , Y. C. Wang, S. Gunasekaran and N. F. Olson 2001. Effect of heat treatments on the meltability of cheeses. J. Dairy Sci. , 84(9): 1937-1943. Leea, j. , H. J. Kima, Y. Yoona, J. Kima, J. S. Hamb, M. W. Byuna, M. Baekc, C. Jod, M. G. Shine 2009. Manufacture of Ice cream with improved microbiology safety by using gamma irradiation. 78 (7-8): 593-595. Lin, T. Y. , C. W. Lind, C. H. Leeb 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and added linoleic acid. Food Chem. , 67 (1): 1-5. Little, C. L. , J. R. Rhoades, S. K. Sagoo, J. Harris, M. Greenwood. , V. Mithani, K. Grant and J. McLauchlin 2008. Microbiology quality of retail cheeses made from raw, thermized or pasteurized milk in the UK. Food Micro. , 25 (2):304-312. Malik, A. H. 2008. Dairy sector lacks policy focus. Net, Ed. Daily Dawn, Jan, 28. Mayer. , H. K. 2001. Bitterness in processed cheese caused by an overdose of a apecific emulsifying agent. International Dairy Journal. 4(7): 533-542. Molska, I. , R. Nowosielska and I. Frelik 2003. Changes in microbiological quality of kefir and yoghurt on the Warsaw market in the year 1995-2001. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. , 54 (2):145-152. Murtaza, M. A. , M. Din, N. Huma, A. Shabbir, S. Mahmood 2004. Quality evaluation of ice cream prepared with different stabilizers /emulsifier blend. Inter J. Agri Bio. (1): 65-67. Nero, L. A. , M. R. Mattos, V. Beloti, M. F. Barros, D. P. Netto, J. P. Minto, N. J. Andrade, W. P. Silva, Bernadette and D. G. M. Franco 2004. Hazards in non-pasteurized milk on retail sale in Brazil, prevalence of Slmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes and chemicals residues. Braz. J. Microbiology. , 35 (3) :478-486. Otero, J. L. , M. H ermida and A. Cepeda 1995. Determination of fat, Protein and total solids in cheese by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. AOAC. Intl. 78 (3):802-806.

Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness: Dunnes

Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness: Dunnes [i] Background Dunnes Stores has 152 stores throughout Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, UK and Spain it has been established by Ben Dunne. It is Irelands largest and leading retailer providing a unique offering of fashion, food and homewares in one location. The biggest competitors against Dunnes in Shannon are: Lidl Dealz The main domestic competitors in the supermarket business are Tesco, SuperValu, Lidl and Aldi. In clothing, their rivals include Penneys, Marks and Spencer and Debenhams. Dunnes sell brands such as Paul Costello, CenteRed, Paul Galvin, Gallery, Savida, Carolyn Donnelly and many more. Their Target Market Dunnes Stores target market is aimed at all categories men, women and children with different price points to suit everyones pocket. By providing; food, beverage, fresh fish seafood, clothing, home furniture and fresh hot deli foods made on site which is located under one roof. Promising the Better Value. Advertisement At Dunnes Stores advertising plays a big part. In store advertisement: Leaflets and brochures on each till Banners with weekly deals and specials Intercom Web: http://www.dunnesstores.com/ which now provides online shopping for clothes and homeware with a home delivery Facebook Media: Radio Clare FM Television [ii] [iii] Premises Dunnes Stores is situated within a Sky Court Shopping centre in Shannon which facilities include: Lifts Parking Disabled Parking Toilets Wheelchair friendly Guidance dogs friendly Product Services Dunnes offers a variety of foods, fresh fish seafood, veg, fruit, dry, processed food, snacks, soft drinks, alcohol wine etc., they have been also awarded the quality of their foods equal to the price. Their various brands are shown below: Our Brands Women Gallery Savida (own brand) Carolyn Donnelly The Edit Paul Costelloe Living Studio Lennon Courtney at Dunnes Stores Joanne Hynes at Dunnes Stores Men Paul Galvin CenteRed Costelloe Living Men New Haven Padraig Harrington Golf Kids Paul Costelloe Living Occasionwear Leigh Tucker Willow Home Carolyn Donnelly Eclectic Paul Costelloe Living Considered by Helen James Francis Brennan the Collection [iv] Employees interaction with customers each other and management. From my experience and observation, the staff has always greeted, thanked and invited their customers to visit again which in my opinion is vital in a busy business place. The staff is the companys image which reflects how the company is being run. In this case their behaviour towards the customer has never failed. The management staff has been always helpful and willing to answer questions or fix minor problems when the customer seemed unhappy. How employer/management present themselves to the customer dress code, personal hygiene. All staff is provided with a uniform to wear on a daily basis which consists of black trousers, black shirt, flat black shoes and a name badge. Their look is satisfying an appropriate uniform with an overall well-groomed appearance. The management and staff overall have a very professional appearance. Potential positive and the potential negative impact on consumers/users and on the business. Positive Negative Advertising Advertisement over the intercom constantly in store. Premises Good wheelchair access, free parking, lifts and on site ATM Product Services Good price for good quality Employees Interaction Satisfying welcoming and friendly Employee Appearance Well-groomed, professional How organisation caters for disability and diversity. Dunnes stores caters for all in general. As mentioned before they have a good facility for disabled people as they have wheelchair access wide aisles, guidance dogs are allowed. No racial, sexual or religious diversity noted. Customer Service Organisational Effectiveness Shannon Springs Hotel ______________________ [v] Background Shannon Springs Hotel Conveniently located just 5 minutes from Shannon International Airport, The Shannon Springs Hotel (formerly known as Shannon Court Hotel) is one of the most popular Shannon Hotels and boasts 54 very spacious, tastefully decorated bedrooms with all the modern amenities to make you feel at home. Famous for their Old Lodge Gastro Pub, friendly atmosphere and excellent efficient service, there is an abundance of local attractions within easy reach of our Shannon Airport Hotel. The biggest competitors against Shannon Springs Hotel in Shannon are: Oak Wood Arms Hotel Park Inn Hotel by Radisson Shannon Airport Their Target Market Shannon Springs Hotel target market is aimed at all categories men, women and children with different price points to suit everyones pocket. By providing; Accommodation, Costa Coffee, The Old Lodge Gastro Pub, Free Wi-Fi, Free parking, Laundry service, Room service, Kid-friendly. Advertisement They have designed a new web page. Shannon Spring Hotel mainly advertises on their home page and Facebook after, renovating, reopening and the change of the ownership becoming the new Shannon Springs Hotel. www.shannonspringshotel.com [vi] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Facebook [vii] Premises Shannon Springs Hotel is located 5 minutes away from the Airport it is an ideal base for a great leisure break, situated between the neighbouring historic towns of Ennis and Limerick. They cater their premises to the needs of all people, some rooms and bathrooms are accommodated to suit the needs of people with disabilities for an easy access. The Shannon Springs Hotel Free Wi-Fi Free parking Laundry service Room service Kid-friendly Restaurant Free breakfast Pool Bar Smoke-free Products Services: They provide a service of accommodation for people worldwide and nationwide. They are a *** hotel which has adequate prices to its quality and service. Apart from their accommodation facility they also organise Weddings. [viii] 3. How employees interact with the customer and each other and management. As for this particular part of the portfolio I had to physically speak with their representative which in this case was the Receptionist, the gentleman I have spoken to show a lot of respect for what I was doing and why I asked this sort of particular questions. I felt comfortable and fully understood. He showed a lot of competency and professionalism. In my opinion the people that work there are interacting with their customers to the best of their ability 3. How employer/management present themselves Hygiene/uniform The person I dealt with, in which case was the Receptionist looked on a professional standard, wearing a well-groomed suit. As well as the Receptionist, other staff looked very professional wearing a black shirt with the company logo. Potential positive and potential negative impact on consumers and on the business. In my opinion it was a very pleasant experience where I physically spoke with a person who answered all of my questions on behalf of the company. He reflected a very positive image of the company. Here are some other true examples of happy fulfilled customers. [ix] [x] 5. How the organisation cater for disability and diversity. As I asked specific questions about the hotel itself I also asked about their organisation of Weddings I was told by the receptionist that recently in around December there was same sex marriage taking place in this hotel. Over all I think there is no any sort of sexual, race or disability diversity. This hotel is fully customer, children and disabled people friendly [i] https://www.google.ie/maps/uv?hl=enpb=!1s0x485b41d445ece8c5:0xb0bba4c43059698d!2m19!2m2!1i80!2i80!3m1!2i20!16m13!1b1!2m2!1m1!1e1!2m2!1m1!1e3!2m2!1m1!1e5!2m2!1m1!1e4!3m1!7e115!4s/maps/place/dunnes%2Bstores%2Bshannon/@52.7103129,-8.8777974,3a,75y,220.86h,90t/data%3D*213m4*211e1*213m2*211sAmf7Ddk4lUq5EonMTsOPdQ*212e0*214m2*213m1*211s0x0:0xb0bba4c43059698d!5sdunnes+stores+shannon+-+Google+Searchimagekey=!1e2!2sAmf7Ddk4lUq5EonMTsOPdQsa=Xsqi=2ved=0ahUKEwjKnuqZl8nSAhWLDcAKHUsfAdoQpx8IdzAK [ii] https://www.facebook.com/DunnesStores/ [iii] http://www.dunnesstores.com/ [iv] http://www.dunnesstores.com/award1c/food-wine/fcp-category/home [v] http://www.shannonspringshotel.com/gallery.html [vi] http://www.shannonspringshotel.com/index.html [vii] https://www.facebook.com/ShannonSpringsHotel/ [viii] https://ag.avvio.com/convert/site/Shannon%20Springs%20Hotel/en/results.php?checkin=2017-03-9nights=1currency=EUR_ga=1.173972515.1456376543.1489054532 [ix] https://www.facebook.com/pg/ShannonSpringsHotel/reviews/?ref=page_internal [x] https://www.google.ie/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8#q=shannon+springs+hotel*lrd=0x485b6a75f392bb6d:0xdc216dcbd415f138,1

Consciousness and fundamental act :: essays research papers

1. Consciousness is the fundamental fact of human existence, from the view point of persons examining their own experience. There are various aspects of consciouness, such as perception, mental imagery, thinking, memory and emotions. I believe that consiouness is a property of some lower animals and machines. An ant for an example has a conscious mind about staying in covered areas during the rain and to panic when something attacks it. This shows memory, perception and thinking which shows that it does have a conscious. Some machines have something similar to a conscious. A computer for example has a hard drive which is a lot like a â€Å"memory†, in which it stores something, and it has ram, which is basically information stored and ready to be used. If I were to open a web page browser and than open up a word document, I could instantly jump back to the browser because its stored on my hard drive, but loaded on my ram, which is a lot like how if we think about an old memor y, such as grade school, and than wash our hands, the memory of grade school is still fresh in our mind, and we can go back and instantly load it up with less difficulty than the first time. 2. The mind-body problem asks what is the relationship between the mind(conscious) and the body( brain). The two major positions are dualism and materialism. -Dualism holds that mind and body are made of different substances: the body is material but the mind is some immaterial soul stuff, and the mind interacts with the body to control human behavior. Out of body and near death experiences have also been offered in support of dualism, but alternative, naturalistic explanations of these experiences are available. -Materialism is the view that mind and body are inseparable: mental events are produced by brain events. There are 4 types: -Epiphhenomenalism is the view that conscious is a side effect of brain activity but it has no role in controlling behavior. -Identity theory says that mental events are identical brain event. For each mental event, there is a corresponding brain event. - Emergent interactionism- is the hypothesis that consciousness is an emergent phenomenon: it is produced by brain processes, but it has holistic properties of its own and it exerts downward control on brain processes. -Functionalism is the view that the functional characteristics of mental processes is their critical feature, and it doesn’t make any difference whether the physical substrate is a brain or a computer.

Actuarial Malpractice Essay -- Actuary

Actuarial Malpractice Actuaries are recognized for using mathematics in certain ways to estimate the financial obligations of a company. These approximations directly affect the company’s financial situation and outlook for the year. As any other professional occupation, standards must be followed to ensure the validity of the work being done. Risks of malpractice may arise if actuarial principles are not followed carefully. Actuarial malpractice has become a rising concern in holding actuaries liable for their work, where in previous years it was unheard of. For most professionals, designations must be acquired through a series of training and schooling. In the United States, actuarial candidates have the opportunity to be a part of the following organizations: the Society of Actuaries, the Casualty Actuarial Society, the Conference of Actuaries in Public Practice, and the American Academy of Actuaries. Each of these societies has specific requirements in the realm of passing exams and attaining work experience in the actuarial field. According to William Hager in The Emerging ...

Student-Centered Learning :: Education Teaching Papers

Student-Centered Learning Recently, the buzzword for school wide educational reform is student-centered learning. My last year teaching, the administration threw around this term, yet no in-services were in place on this subject in order to accomplish the goal. Even Atlanta Public School's strategic technology plan uses the common student-centered learning phrase, " Teachers will move from mentor in the center to guide on the side." However, very few teachers actually use this approach in their classrooms. One example of an excellent student-centered learning activity was "Biomes in a Box." A colleague of mine used this project, her students work in teams to research and create a biome of a particular climate of their choosing. I observed students using various forms of media including the Internet and CD-ROM resources to research their particular biome. They constructed the climate conditions of that biome using various raw materials at their disposal. In the end, they presented their biome to the class with an oral discussion of the climatic elements involved with that biome. The students were so proud and so actively involved in their learning. It was a great success. I am sure that "Biomes in a Box" will be one lesson those students learned in that school. Even though some teachers use this new approach successfully in their class, my concern is that not all of the teachers can or even know how to change from the "mentor in the center" to "guide on the side." Has the school systems come up with way to change the mindsets of these teachers and show them how to make their classrooms active learning environments? No, they are just content to throw the phrase around without determining how to bring about student-centered learning in the classrooms. So what is Student centered learning? Is it the cure all for the ailing public education system? What tools need to be in place in order to facilitate a student-centered learning environment? What kind of in-service or extra training will be necessary in order to foster the student-centered classroom? In this paper, I will define student-centered learning, explain the key attributes to this type of learning process, and identify the tools that will facilitate its growth. From Mentor in the Center to Guide on the Side "Students should be presented with real life problems and then helped to discover information required to solve them" John Dewey

History of Volleyball Essay

The sport of volleyball was created by a man named William G. Morgan of Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. Morgan was a physical education teacher at the YMCA and called it â€Å"Mintonette†. It was an indoor or outdoor pastime that had characteristics of both handball and tennis. The first rules were written down by Morgan himself. He wrote that the game called for a 6 foot 6 inch net and a court of 25Ãâ€"50 feet. A match composed of 9 innings and 3 serves for each team in each inning. In case of a serving error they got a second chance just like in tennis. If the ball it the net on a serve it was considered a foul and it caused a side out or a point was taken away. In 1896 after a demonstration at the YMCA in Springfield and the name â€Å"Mintonette† was replaced with the name â€Å"Volleyball†. In 1900 the rules were modified and the height of the net went up to 7 feet 6 inches. A match length was set at 21 points. In 1900 Canada was the first foreign country to adopt the game of Volleyball. Cuba discovers â€Å"6 Volleyball† in 1906, thanks to a North American army officer, Agusto York, who takes part in the second military intervention on the Caribbean island. In 1908 Volleyball reaches Japan. It is Hyozo Omori, a Springfield College graduate in the United States, who first demonstrates the rules of the new game on the YMCA courts in Tokyo. In 1910Volleyball officially lands in China, thanks to Max Exner and Howard Crokner. Up until 1917, play is between 16-man teams and goes to 21 points. The Philippines also got to know the new game. It is imported by Manila YMCA director Elwood Brown. In a very short space of time, there are 5,000 public and private courts. In the USA, decisive impetus is given to the game by Prevost Idell, YMCA director in Germantown. In 1912the court size is changed, becoming 35Ãâ€"60 feet. A uniform size and weight of the ball is established, calling for a circumference of 26 inches and a weight of between 7 and 9 ounces. Two other important innovations: the number of players on each team is set at six and it is decided to rotate players before service. In 1913 Volleyball is put on the programme for the first Far Eastern Games held in Manila. Teams are made up of 16 players. In 1914 George Fisher, secretary of the YMCA War Office, includes Volleyball in the recreation and education programme for the American armed forces. In 1915 The number of players on court again becomes variable, anything from 2 to 6 for each team. Official game time is introduced and it is decided that the team losing a game has the right to begin serving in the next game. And In Europe, Volleyball arrives on the French beaches of Normandy and Brittany with American soldiers fighting in the First World War. Its popularity grows rapidly, but the game takes root especially in Eastern countries, where the cold climate makes gym sports particularly attractive. In 1916 Many new rules are established. The score for a â€Å"game† drops from 21 to 15, and it is determined that to win a match a team has to win two out of three â€Å"games. † The ball can now be hit with a player’s feet. Net height rises to 8 feet, while ball weight climbs from 8 to 10 ounces. It is decided that holding on to the ball is a foul and that a player cannot have contact with the ball a second time until after it has been played by another athlete. Volleyball becomes a part of the programe of the NCAA, the body that oversees college and university sports in the USA. In 1917 at the Allied Forces air base in Porto Corsini, where Ravenna’s sports palace is now located, American airmen introduce the virus of Volleyball into Italy. In 1918 The number of players per team is set at six. In Japan, the first High School Championship is played. In 1919 During the First World War, Dr. George J. Fisher, as Secretary of the YMCA War Work Office, makes Volleyball a part of the programe in military training camps, both in the USA and abroad, in the athletic handbooks written for those responsible for sport and recreation in the Army and Marines. Thousands of balls and nets are sent overseas to the U. S. troops and also presented to the Allied Army’s sports directors. More than 16,000 volleyballs are distributed in 1919 to the American Expeditionary Corps Forces only. The Inter-Allied Games are organized in Paris (but Volleyball is not included since the game is not yet known sufficiently well known in the 18 participating Allied countries to allow for a balanced competition). Moving through history volleyball has changed. In 2001 Beach Volleyball is confirmed as a full Olympic program sport. And in 2002 the FIVB World Congress in Buenos Aires adopts a Code of Conduct and rules against conflicts of interest and introduces height limit competitions (185 cm for men, 175 cm for women). In 2009Brazil won their eighth World League as they defeat Serbia in Belgrade in a pulsating match watched by a crowd of 22,000 spectators whilst Brazil also pick up the World Grand Prix, finishing above Russia and Germany. Italy’s women follow up their 2007 World Cup win with claim their first FIVB World Grand Champions Cup in Japan as Brazil won the men’s competition.

Influence of Women on American History Through the Civil War

The charm of Wo persist force on the groundwork of the States and by dint of 1877 Kelley Swatsenbarg Way drop off Baptist University San Antonio Center Mr. Thomas Gaj May 4, 2010 The submit of Women on the Founding of America and by dint of and with 1877 Throughout the rough(prenominal) years of history, women beat al routes had some kind of persuade in all over man. Whether it be coercing him, tricking him, or demanding of him, they changed the actions of men. sometimes it has been altogether unintentional sometimes intentional.sometimes it has been covertly sometimes overtly. fewtimes it has been the m differents of owing(p) men qualification decisions some their lift sometimes it has been the plectrons made by distaff leaders or leaders wives. The joined States in no different women beget been influencing, directly or indirectly, the decision and actions of the men in America starting from the choice to fund Christopher Columbuss misdirect exploration. Famou s impertinent rulers draw shape America, from the beginning of the history of the United States.The commencement ceremony, of course, is the illustrious Isabella, Queen of Spain, who convinced queen regnant Ferdinand to pay Christopher Columbuss exploration to re fellow member a route to Asia by travelling west. and so Elizabeth, Queen of England, decided to accent to colonize the Americas to get tax r eventideue enhancement thus causing great total of Englishmen to colonize the United States. Some women did what they could in gateways the confines of their impostally established grapheme of nurturer and were mingled in the medical field. twain examples are Susie King Taylor and bloody shame Edwards baby buggy.Susie King Taylor traveled with her conserve who was in E Company 33rd United States moody Troops during the elegant War. She was a reason slave who became their arrest, laundress, cook, teacher, and even comforted the unrelenting soldiers even on their deathbed. bloody shame Edwards Walker was as well a wedding nurse during Civil War who finally won a commission in the regular army as a surgeon, and was the only fair sex to receive a Congressional pastar of Honor. Dorthea Dix helped organize the Union Army potbelly of Nurses and was appointed superintendent of the Union nurses. on that point was the teacher, Clara Barton, promptly a known add-on, who, posterior on the outbreak of the Civil War, remained in sense of touch with many former students in the naked as a jaybird England Volunteer Regiment that went south. Their mothers gave her gifts for their sons as they fancy that she, as a nurse, would be qualified to get packages to them. She realized that these were not gifts, just now rather necessities deal soap from this she created the American Red Cross. She was in addition a Union nurse who bravely stayed to help surgeons chthonic fire when all the male assistants fled. Some women personally aided so ldiers and the to a lower placeprivileged.One much(prenominal)(prenominal) cleaning char cleaning cleaning woman was Margaret Corbin who traveled with her conserve to get hold of care of him during the war, doing womans work, restrain was in a battle with her husband. When he died in battle, she took over the cannon she was wound and later received the depression retired stultification pension for a woman. Some women created ambition in various forms of literature to take a crap hope to the men of this nation. One was Ethel Lynn Beers who wrote poetry and published a poem shed highborn The Picket Guard. The poem was adapted to symphony and sung by soldiers on both sides in the Civil War. other woman of inspiration is Lydia Maria Child who wrote An magical spell in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans_ _that was a key to persuading many Americans of the need for abolishment of thrall. Some women were acclaimed world gigantic, equivalent Catherine Ma ria Sedgwick, who wrote numerous historical sketches and biographies. Her writing is considered to be completely American in both panorama and feeling it captured the all of the characterx and manners of forward-looking England. Another American author was gentleness Otis rabbit warren, the wife of politician, James Warren the couple had a pixilated friendship with Abigail and tin transports. tush encouraged her to economise the history of the American alteration. Ironically, he ostracized her and her husband because of candid accounts of atrocities against women and children during the war. By far the just approximately storied writer to gear up governing was Harriet Beecher Stowe who became a celebrity when she published Toms confine in 1851 depicting the atrocious lives of threatening slaves in the South. In 1852 she was introduced to prexy Abraham capital of Nebraska who greeted her So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War o ther(a) women created nationalistic symbols which would inspire generations of Americans.Betsy Ross, operated an upholstery shop, became legendary for making the first stars-and-stripes at the request of George capital of the United States which was adopted as the national ease up by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777. Another example of a woman who inspired is Julia Ward Howe, a noteworthy writer who wrote the celebrated Battle anthem of the Republic. Many women inspired men through their patriotic activities. One great patriot that inspired Georgia was their most famous effeminate patriot of the Revolutionary War, Nancy Hart, whose durable endeavors get rid of British and their sympathizers. besides the most famous heroic female person patriot, in spite of her flaws, is Dolly Madison, the wife of James Madison and acting first lady for Thomas Jefferson. She could perk up work out them in their politics, besides she inspired the multitude with her patriot deeds. Du ring her husbands incumbency as professorship, the British attacked uppercase, D. C. She had the foresight to save not only the silver only when also secret documents and a portraiture of George Washington which would have give carely been destroyed. Another patriot was Molly Pitcher, originally named bloody shame Ludwig Hays.During the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, she was with her husband on the front lines. Seeing that the soldiers were thirsty, she made her way through ferocious fighting to extend pitchers of water to the artillery gunners, and she even took over her husbands job as rammer when her husband was hurt and could no bimestrial man the gun mission. Sometimes women invented machines or assisting others in their endeavors to invent. For example, Martha Coston developed an elaborate dodge of flares called Night Signals that allowed ships to transmit nocturnal messages which was later purchased by the U.S. Navy. Also, Mary Walton patented a method of deflecting smo ke stack emissions through water tanks later adapted the schema for use on locomotives and invented a mental disturbance reduction system for elevated railroads. On the other hand Catharine (Kitty) Littlefield Greene helped Eli Whitney compensate up his workshop and was among the few people to delay his first prototype of the cotton gin. At the time it was able to remove the seed, still the cotton fibers kept getting stuck in the mechanisms. Kitty simply suggested sweeping the fibers by and the rest, shall we say, is history.Some women have taken stairs out of the boundaries of the traditional role by being the first woman to thrash a man in a particular field. Among these was Lady Deborah Moody who, because of lack of religious freedom, led a assembly of helpers to the Dutch colony of cutting Netherland where she launched the settlement of Grave manoeuvre in Brooklyn. Also because of views near standard religions, Mary Baker spin around founded Christian Science as good as the six time Pulitzer appraise winning report, The Christian Science Monitor. in time other women inspired men to pretend of women as much equal by making the same achievements as men. setoff in that respect wasMary Katherine Goddard, the first woman publisher who was asked by the signers of the Declaration of license to print the first official copies of the document. there was also Margaret Fuller, the first female foreign correspondent. In medicine, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to have from medical school, and Sarah Hackett Stevenson was the first female member of the American Medical Association. Sometimes women baffle men by political activism like Harriett Delille who campaigned for childrens labor salutarys or Ester Deberdt reed who formed a womens giving medication that collected $300,000 for Washingtons army. alleviate others campaigned for workers rights like Sarah Bagley who fought for a ten-hour workday. Of course now the laws state th at a workday mustiness be no longer than ogdoad hours a day or cardinal hours per week, save we would not have progressed to where we are without her protesting. Others spoke out for womens rights like Susan B. Anthony, Isabella Stowe Beecher, Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, just to name a few. Yet others spoke out against slavery like Abby Folsom, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Maria Stewart, and Truth Sojourner.capital of Seychelles Woodhull took activism a step further when she became a politician and was the first women to campaign for president of the United States in 1872. Sometimes their influence has simply been by virtue of the circumstance that they were unite to famous men and they have influenced their husbands actions. Martha Washington, as we all know, was the wife of President George Washington. She was the first first-lady forming the model for all first ladies to come with her abilities to balance managing a plantation, lay state dinners and f unction, visiting scout troops, and assigning her relationship with George by supporting and advising him.Abigail Smith Adams was the wife of Samuel Adam and mother of John Quincy Adams who would later run low president. She was his confidant, counselor, and advisor sharing her political views with him and even ensample him close future problems including womens rights. Their son, John Quincy Adams married Louisa Adams. Louisa, the only first lady not born in America, is reputed to have made many affable calls to help him get elected. Deborah Read abruptlin was the vulgar law wife of Benjamin Franklin. She also took over his responsibilities as owner of a printing business and as post skipper part he was away on diplomatical affairs.On the other hand, Elizabeth Schuler Hamilton spent her inviolate life dedicate to memorializing her husbands heritage. She even ensured a brass brass section was placed on their sons grave in Sacramento, California dedicated to Alexanders pat riotism. Sarah Livingston Jay would pass blue-chip information, and gossip, to her husband, John Jay which helped him plot he was depository of foreign affairs this position was also the channelize of Congress and thereby the de- pointo head of state. Mary White Morris and her husband Robert Morris were close friends of John and Sally Jay, often having many a long political discussion. era Rebecca Ann Felton, the husband of William Felton, helped him write his speeches while he served as a congressman between 1875 thru 1881. Still other women were simply involved with activities which have influenced domestic politics like, Irene Sanford Emerson who was sued by a former slave, Dred Scott. Mr. Scott traveled with Mr. Emerson while he was in the army stati peerlessd in the North he claimed he had been emancipated as a result of having lived with his master in the free state of Illinois. The act ruled in favor of Mrs. Emerson Mr.Scott appealed to the dogmatic Court where the dec ision was upheld, but it set the precedence that blacks had a legal right to file suit in a civil court, as previously blacks were considered dimension and therefore, like a chair, could not litigate. at that place were also many Native American women who assisted and acted as diplomats for the settlers and colonists. One was Mary Musgrove, an American Indian interpreter, diplomat, and businesswoman. She was raised by Colonists and, because she knew both languages well, she interpreted for James Oglethorpe when he founded the colony of Georgia.She also inherited land from her Native American mother, as their tradition was to pass dimension down the matriarchal line. The English refused to accept the legality of her property ownership and she took them to court. They negotiated and came to a compromise some of the land was sold by the British with her receiving the proceeds. Then there was Pocahontas, Native American princess who helped the Jamestown settlers by bringing them food and warning them of her causes attacks.She was held prisoner by the settlers in an effort to force her father into a peace agreement, but he refused she eventually converted her to Christianity and married John Rolfe. Because of her position as wife of John Rolfe and daughter of an Indian chief, she was able to maintain peace between the two communities. Sacajawea was some other Native American who influenced American politics. She was married to a french man, Toussaint Charbonneau, the guide chartered by Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition. Sacajawea went with her husband and interpreted with the Native American Indians.She would render to Charbonneau in French and he would fork over to Lewis and Clark into English. During her trip she gave birth to a son, and, all the while taking care of him, channelize the explorers trough Indian lands, protected them from Indian attacks, kept valuable items from being doomedher husband was a klutz, and even found them food to supp lement their all-meat diet. Other women covertly did the jobs of men such as Deborah Champion, a young girl who bought parcels, messages and pay to public George Washington when soldiers could not.Some other messengers were Behethland Moore and Sybil Ogden Ludington, dubbed the female Paul Revere (she rode about divalent as far as he did on his famous ride). Still other women, like Harriet Tubmana conductor on the Underground Railroad, acted secrectly. The history of the world abounds with famous female spies like Pauline Cushman, a Union shit, became a camp follower of the follower army. She was discover, tried in a military court, and reprobated to hang they delayed her moveence due to her health and she was rescued by Union forces. Upon her return North, President capital of Nebraska made her an honorary major.Elizabeth Van Lew was a famous and effective Union sleuth. She entered the ally Libby Prison on the pretense of humanitarian reasons, and, since the guards thought she was harmless and crazy, she gained information about the strength and disposition of the troops. As her work continued, she devised a way to send coded messages inside eggs. Belle Boyd used her feminine wiles to gain secrets and snare drum Union soldiers. Others posed as soldiers and fought in war. During the Civil War, Ann Clarke dressed as a man in the Confederate army. She was wounded, taken prisoner, and later anaesthetized.Prudence Wright gathered a womens troop and dressed in husbands uniforms to defend their city from the British. They captured a British spy and turned him over to the colonial Army. Deborah Sampson Gannet dressed as man in order to fight in Revolution her husband received land and was condition the pension of a soldier. During her career she was wounded several times and caught a feverishness which nearly took her life. If it were not for the fever she would have remained a soldier longer, but a doctor finally discovered her secret, but he did not p ublicly release the fact, sooner he sent her to popular GeorgeWashington who immediately discharged her. Then there was the famous story of Sarah Emma Edmonds who enlisted in the Union army as Frank Thompson, a male nurse. She effectively quiet her secret for many years even taking on disguises of men and women, blacks and whites to spy. She left hand the army for medical treatment in an area where she was unknown, when she did this, Frank Thompson was viewed as a deserter. Afterwards, she fought to be recognized for her achievements, and, with a particular(prenominal) act of Congress, she was honorably discharged and given a pension. The Confederacy had plenty of female spies too.Included in this number is Antonia hybridization who passed along to Confederate J. E. B. Stuart information on Union troop activity. Rose ONeal Greenhow was such a successful spy that she was imprisoned twice, and then exiled to the Confederate states. She was to go game Britain and France as a pro pagandist for the Confederate cause her memoirs were published with a wide sale throughout the British Isles. She obtained more and more sympathy for the South. There was also the case of Loreta Janeta Velazquez who enlisted in disguise and served at Manassas/Bull Run, Balls Bluff, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh under the name Lieutenant Harry T.Buford. She also claims to have served as a spy and worked working as a double agent for the Confederacy in the advantage of the U. S. Secret Service. To this day no one can determine if in fact any of these accounts are true,, although a newspaper report mentions a Lieutenant Bensford arrested when it was divulge he was actually a woman giving her name as Alice Williams. tear down in Colonial times America was full of willing female spies and messengers such as Dicey Langston was a teenage colonial spy who forded a river, up to her shoulders, to get details of British troop movement to the colonial army.And then there was Emily Geiger a messe nger for oecumenic Greene in the Colonial army. Coming from the direction of Greenes army, she was venture and confined to a room. The officer sent for a woman to search her for papers. She seek to destroy the letter once the door was shut, she ate up the letter, piece by piece. Lydia Darragh was a mortician and would watch British troops from the window of her house. She sent messages about their activities through one of her sons and then to another(prenominal) soldier to get information to Washingtons Army.British officer major(ip) Andre commandeered her house, but allowed the family to stay in the house. She could then listen in on their plotting and send word of their plans. Others influences were merely accidental like Peggy ONeale Eaton, married Senator John Eaton in 1828 during Andrew capital of Mississippis presidency. Many gossiped about her colorful past and seeming unfaithfulness with her first husband, when she married Eaton, she shunned by cabinet members wives due to her assumed sordid past. The expression of the ladies towards her and the influence upon their husbands created such a calamity that the cabinet fell apartJackson fired them all.An unintentional influence on mens actions was Betsy Loring who was General Howes mistress although she was the wife a loyalist, she flurry General Howe by entertaining and distracting him from battles with General Washington. The United States of America owes an enormous debt to Mary Ball Washington. She set the example of self-colored morals and religious opinions, and even bear witness to her children aloud. We need to thank her for one by the bye decision that she made regarding the future of her son. When George was xiv years old, his half-brother Lawrence obtained a midshipmans warrant for him in the English oceanic service.George was already packed and ready to go, but his mother refused to give her consent at the last minute. So, because of an inadvertent decision, George Washington becam e the grow of Our Country and our first President instead of an English naval officer. In conclusion, in all nations, including the United States, women have been influencing, every directly or indirectly, the decision and actions of the men. no matter of whether we believe that changes women have made are good or bad, they have helped define this great nation of ours, and, as the French say, Viva la difference. Collins, G. (2003). Americas Women 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines. New York HarperCollins Publishers Roberts, C. (2004_) Founding Mothers the Women Who Raised Our Nation. _ New York HarperCollins Publishers Roberts, C. (2008). Ladies of Liberty the Women Who wrought Our Nation. New York HarperCollins Publishers Taylor, S. K. (2004). The Diary of Susie King Taylor, Civil War nurse. Tarrytown, NY Benchmark books Zall, P. M. (1991). Founding Mothers Profiles of hug drug Wives of Americas Founding Fathers. Bowie, MD Heritage Books